scholarly journals Complex multifault rupture during the 2016Mw7.8 Kaikōura earthquake, New Zealand

Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 356 (6334) ◽  
pp. eaam7194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian J. Hamling ◽  
Sigrún Hreinsdóttir ◽  
Kate Clark ◽  
John Elliott ◽  
Cunren Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Kaikoura Earthquake

scholarly journals Using a calibrated upper living position of marine biota to calculate coseismic uplift: a case study of the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake, New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-366
Author(s):  
Catherine Reid ◽  
John Begg ◽  
Vasiliki Mouslopoulou ◽  
Onno Oncken ◽  
Andrew Nicol ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Strong Motion ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Tectonic Uplift ◽  
Marine Biota ◽  
Tide Gauge Records ◽  
Kaikoura Earthquake

Abstract. The 2016 Mw=7.8 Kaikōura earthquake (South Island, New Zealand) caused widespread complex ground deformation, including significant coastal uplift of rocky shorelines. This coastal deformation is used here to develop a new methodology, in which the upper living limits of intertidal marine biota have been calibrated against tide-gauge records to quantitatively constrain pre-deformation biota living position relative to sea level. This living position is then applied to measure coseismic uplift at three other locations along the Kaikōura coast. We then assess how coseismic uplift derived using this calibrated biological method compares to that measured using other methods, such as light detection and ranging (lidar) and strong-motion data, as well as non-calibrated biological methods at the same localities. The results show that where biological data are collected by a real-time kinematic (RTK) global navigation satellite system (GNSS) in sheltered locations, this new tide-gauge calibration method estimates tectonic uplift with an accuracy of ±≤0.07 m in the vicinity of the tide gauge and an overall mean accuracy of ±0.10 m or 10 % compared to differential lidar methods for all locations. Sites exposed to high wave wash, or data collected by tape measure, are more likely to show higher uplift results. Tectonic uplift estimates derived using predictive tidal charts produce overall higher uplift estimates in comparison to tide-gauge-calibrated and instrumental methods, with mean uplift results 0.21 m or 20 % higher than lidar results. This low-tech methodology can, however, produce uplift results that are broadly consistent with instrumental methodologies and may be applied with confidence in remote locations where lidar or local tide-gauge measurements are not available.

scholarly journals Triple junction kinematics accounts for the 2016 Mw7.8 Kaikoura earthquake rupture complexity

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (52) ◽  
pp. 26367-26375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuhua Shi ◽  
Paul Tapponnier ◽  
Teng Wang ◽  
Shengji Wei ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Triple Junction ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Strike Slip ◽  
Plate Motion ◽  
Fault System ◽  
Coseismic Deformation ◽  
Coseismic Slip ◽  
Slab Geometry ◽  
Kaikoura Earthquake

The 2016, moment magnitude (Mw) 7.8, Kaikoura earthquake generated the most complex surface ruptures ever observed. Although likely linked with kinematic changes in central New Zealand, the driving mechanisms of such complexity remain unclear. Here, we propose an interpretation accounting for the most puzzling aspects of the 2016 rupture. We examine the partitioning of plate motion and coseismic slip during the 2016 event in and around Kaikoura and the large-scale fault kinematics, volcanism, seismicity, and slab geometry in the broader Tonga–Kermadec region. We find that the plate motion partitioning near Kaikoura is comparable to the coseismic partitioning between strike-slip motion on the Kekerengu fault and subperpendicular thrusting along the offshore West–Hikurangi megathrust. Together with measured slip rates and paleoseismological results along the Hope, Kekerengu, and Wairarapa faults, this observation suggests that the West–Hikurangi thrust and Kekerengu faults bound the southernmost tip of the Tonga–Kermadec sliver plate. The narrow region, around Kaikoura, where the 3 fastest-slipping faults of New Zealand meet, thus hosts a fault–fault–trench (FFT) triple junction, which accounts for the particularly convoluted 2016 coseismic deformation. That triple junction appears to have migrated southward since the birth of the sliver plate (around 5 to 7 million years ago). This likely drove southward stepping of strike-slip shear within the Marlborough fault system and propagation of volcanism in the North Island. Hence, on a multimillennial time scale, the apparently distributed faulting across southern New Zealand may reflect classic plate-tectonic triple-junction migration rather than diffuse deformation of the continental lithosphere.

scholarly journals Space Imaging Geodesy Reveals Near Circular, Coseismic Block Rotation During the 2016 M w 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake, New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teng Wang ◽  
Liqing Jiao ◽  
Paul Tapponnier ◽  
Xuhua Shi ◽  
Shengji Wei
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Block Rotation ◽  
Kaikoura Earthquake

scholarly journals How complex is the 2016 M w 7.8 Kaikoura earthquake, South Island, New Zealand?

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 309-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuhua Shi ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Jing Liu-Zeng ◽  
Ray Weldon ◽  
Shengji Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Kaikoura Earthquake

Tsunami runup and tide-gauge observations from the 14 November 2016 M7.8 Kaikōura earthquake, New Zealand

2017 ◽  
Vol 174 (7) ◽  
pp. 2457-2473 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Power ◽  
Kate Clark ◽  
Darren N. King ◽  
Jose Borrero ◽  
Jamie Howarth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Tide Gauge ◽  
Tsunami Runup ◽  
Kaikoura Earthquake

scholarly journals Seismological and Hydrogeological Controls on New Zealand-Wide Groundwater Level Changes Induced by the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura Earthquake

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
KC Weaver ◽  
SC Cox ◽  
John Townend ◽  
H Rutter ◽  
IJ Hamling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Permeability Enhancement ◽  
Water Level Changes ◽  
Stress Changes ◽  
Kaikoura Earthquake ◽  
Directivity Effects ◽  
Groundwater Level Changes

© 2019 K. C. Weaver et al. The 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake induced groundwater level changes throughout New Zealand. Water level changes were recorded at 433 sites in compositionally diverse, young, shallow aquifers, at distances of between 4 and 850 km from the earthquake epicentre. Water level changes are inconsistent with static stress changes but do correlate with peak ground acceleration (PGA). At PGAs exceeding 2 m/s2, water level changes were predominantly persistent increases. At lower PGAs, there were approximately equal numbers of persistent water level increases and decreases. Shear-induced consolidation is interpreted to be the predominant mechanism causing groundwater changes at accelerations exceeding 2 m/s2, whereas permeability enhancement is interpreted to predominate at lower levels of ground acceleration. Water level changes occur more frequently north of the epicentre, as a result of the fault's northward rupture and resulting directivity effects. Local hydrogeological conditions also contributed to the observed responses, with larger water level changes occurring in deeper wells and in well-consolidated rocks at equivalent PGA levels.

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