Cuba and Porto Rico, with the other Islands of the West Indies: Their Topography, Climate, Flora, Products, Industries, Cities, People, Political Conditions, etc

Economic warfare, in the form of commerce predation, was a crucial part of Britain's strategy in the West Indies during the American War of Independence. The rebels relied on a flow of goods provided by Spanish, French, Dutch and British merchants which British warships and privateers tried to stem. Britain's peaceful relations with the other three powers in the region depended greatly on being perceived to justly conduct economic warfare without breaking maritime law or bilateral treaties. British strategy during the war, therefore, was a fine line between crippling the rebels through aggressive commerce predation without giving cause for grievance to the other regional powers. The war opened several commercial opportunities in the form of smuggling and privateering. Merchants intentionally blurred the boundaries between enemies and allies to suit a given commercial venture. These blurred boundaries in the Americas were problematic for British ministers and Admiralty officials entrusted with prosecuting the war. Maritime treaties and international law were constantly reinterpreted in an attempt to avoid ruptures with other colonial powers, achieve Britain's war aims, and lend credence to British policy.

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Thalassemia in the West Indies

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v17.2.166.166 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 166-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

L. N. WENT ◽

J. E. MACIVER

Keyword(s):

West Indies ◽

Fetal Hemoglobin ◽

Thalassemia Major ◽

The Other ◽

The West ◽

Thalassemia Minor ◽

High Incidence ◽

Different Types ◽

Mode Of Inheritance ◽

Hemoglobin H Disease

Abstract Data are presented on seven cases of thalassemia major (six of whom were negroes) and 32 cases of thalassemia minor of whom eight had high levels (20-26 per cent) of fetal hemoglobin. Two families with hemoglobin H disease are presented, in whom the presence of thalassemia minor could be demonstrated. The mode of inheritance of hemoglobin H disease is discussed. Two families with an inherited double A2 fraction of hemoglobin are presented. In one of these thalassemia was also found, in the other elliptocytosis occurred concurrently. On the basis of these findings the existence of at least five different types of thalassemia is postulated. A study on 93 healthy students suggests a high incidence (above 3 per cent) of thalassemia minor in the West Indies.

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The Genus Strandesia and Other Cypricercini (Crustacea, Ostracoda) in the West Indies

Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde ◽

10.1163/26660644-05302012 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 327-368 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Nico W. Broodbakker

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

West Indies ◽

Type Species ◽

New Genus ◽

The Other ◽

The West ◽

New Subspecies ◽

New Tribe ◽

Subjective Synonym

Seven new species and one new subspecies of the genus Strandesia s.l. Stuhlmann, 1888, are described. Four species reared by Sars (1901) from dried mud from Brazil are redescribed. The genera Acanthocypris Claus, 1892, and Neocypris Sars, 1901, are considered as subgenera of Strandesia s.l. Two species from Europe, formerly attributed to Cypricercus Sars, 1895, are redescribed. One of these, C. obliquus (Brady, 1868) was used as type-species for the erection of a new tribe and of the genus Bradleycypris by McKenzie (1982), but proves to be a member of the subgenus Neocypris of Strandesia s.l. Therefore Bradleycypris becomes a subjective synonym of Neocypris. On the other hand, Cypricercus fuscatus (Jurine, 1820) effectively shows the characters used by McKenzie for the characterization of Bradleycypris, and is selected here as type-species of the new genus Bradleystrandesia.

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XIX.—Researches on the Amides of the Fatty Acids

Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ◽

10.1017/s0080456800032129 ◽

1857 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 299-308

Author(s):

Thomas H. Rowney

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Olive Oil ◽

West Indies ◽

Castor Oil ◽

Sebacic Acid ◽

Chemical Society ◽

Quarterly Journal ◽

The Other ◽

Crystalline Substance ◽

The West

The following paper contains the details of some experiments upon the action of ammonia on the oils and fats, of which a preliminary notice was published in the Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London. The production of a soapy emulsion by the action of ammonia on these substances has long been familiar to chemists, but comparatively few accurate experiments have been made upon the compounds formed. Boullay long since examined the crystalline substance obtained from olive-oil, which he called Margaramide, and mentioned that similar compounds were obtained with the other oils, although he did not examine them. More lately, M. Bouis produced ricinolamide from castor-oil, and showed that, by fusion with potash, it yielded caprylic alcohol and sebacic acid; and still more recently, he has obtained another fatty amide, which he calls Isocetamide, by the action of ammonia on the fat of the purging nut of the West Indies.

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XVI. Magnetical observations made in the West Indies, on North Coast of Brazil and North America, in the years 1834, 1835, 1836, and 1837, by Captain Sir Everard Home, Bart. R. N. F. R. S. Reduced by the Rev. George Fisher, M. A. F. R. S

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London ◽

10.1098/rstl.1838.0017 ◽

1838 ◽

Vol 128 ◽

pp. 343-349

Keyword(s):

West Indies ◽

The Other ◽

North Coast ◽

The West ◽

Magnetic Forces ◽

The North ◽

Before And After ◽

The Face ◽

The Times ◽

Made In

It was the object in the experiments recorded in this paper, to determine the relative magnetic forces soliciting both the dipping, and horizontal needles, by observing the times of their completing a given number of vibrations at the various places visited during a period of three years, on the North American and West India Station, in Her Majesty’s Ship Racehorse. The dipping instrument used was one of modern construction by Dollond. Each observation for the dip consisted of an equal number of readings of the positions of the needle, with the face of the instrument east and west, before and after the inversion of the poles, and a mean of all the readings taken for the true dip. The instrument had two needles fitted to it, one of which being used solely for the purpose of observing its vibrations, its magnetism was therefore never interfered with, and this needle in this paper is distinguished by the letter B. The other needle was kept for the purpose of determining the dip, and the results obtained with it are given in Table I.

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The System of British Colonial Administration of the Crown Colonies in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Compared with the System Prevailing in the Nineteenth Century

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society ◽

10.2307/3678353 ◽

1918 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 190-217

Author(s):

H. E. Egerton

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Opposite Direction ◽

West Indies ◽

The Other ◽

Colonial Administration ◽

The West ◽

Other Hand ◽

Responsible Government ◽

The Subject ◽

British Colonial

The most learned of historians would find it difficult to add much to the sum of knowledge in treating the subject of my paper. That subject is the comparison between the administration of certain colonies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and their administration in the nineteenth. The question is why, whereas in most colonies there has been steady progress from representative to responsible government-Lord Blachford was clearly wrong when he seemed to imply that Crown Colony government was the necessary preliminary to both these-in the West Indies, on the other hand, the tendency has been in the opposite direction, viz. from representative to Crown Colony government.

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Termites of the West Indies: The Bahamas, and Bermuda

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v40i3.13800 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 189-202 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thomas E. Snyder

Keyword(s):

South America ◽

West Indies ◽

The United States ◽

The Other ◽

Small Island ◽

North Coast ◽

The West ◽

The Bahamas ◽

The North ◽

Large Island

Many of the termites of the West Indies are endemic, and so far as known, have a very limited distribution, often recorded from only a few islands. Kalotermes mona Banks is endemic to Mona Island and is found nowhere else. By contrast, many of the termites occuring in Cuba are also found in the United States, those of Jamaica in Panamá and Central America, and those of Trinidad in South America. The truly tropicosmopolitan Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) and Nasutitermes costalis (Holmgren) readily become established in new localities, islands or countries in which the environmental conditions are at all suitable. The comparatively large island of Trinidad, close to the mainland of South America and mostly with a continental fauna, has the largest number of species of termites of any of the West Indies: 31. The island of Curacao, also near the coast of South America, but small and arid has but 2, and none is recorded from Aruba, Margarita or the other smaller islands off the north coast of Venezuela. The comparatively small island of Tobago, northeast from Trinidad, has 8 species of termites recorded, and Barbados 7, but none is listed from St. Vincent, and most of the other Lesser Antilles have at most but 3 or 4. None is reported from Nevis, Saba, or St. John, but St. Croix of the U. S. Virgin Islands has 10, St. Thomas 5, and Culebra and Vieques 1 each. Fifteen species of termites are recorded from Puerto Rico, and 4 from Mona. In the large island of Hispaniola, only 8 species of termites are recorded from the eastern portion: the Dominican Republic, while 18 are known from Haiti. Sixteen species of termites are known in Jamaica, and 9 from the widely dispersed islands of the Bahamas. The large island of Cuba, closest of any to continental North America, has 22; the comparatively minute, and most distant Bermuda has 4. All recorded species may be identified by means of keys based on the characters of the soldiers, or of the winged adults.

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