Widespread periodic intrinsic connections in the tree shrew visual cortex

Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 215 (4539) ◽  
pp. 1532-1534 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rockland ◽  
J. Lund
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Tree Shrew

Synaptogenesis in the primary visual cortex of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri)

1991 ◽  
Vol 308 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Ungersböck ◽  
Robert Kretz ◽  
Günter Rager
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Tree Shrew ◽  
Tupaia Belangeri

scholarly journals Functional organization of the primary visual cortex (areas 17 and 18) of the tree shrew revealed by optical brain imaging

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 770-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vanni ◽  
M. Villeneuve ◽  
M. Bickford ◽  
H. Petry ◽  
C. Casanova
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Tree Shrew ◽  
Areas 17 And 18

scholarly journals ON and OFF subfield organization of layer 2/3 neurons in tree shrew visual cortex.

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuo-Sheng Lee ◽  
Xiaoying Huang ◽  
David Fitzpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Tree Shrew ◽  
Layer 2

Interlaminar connections of tree shrew visual cortex

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert B. Butler ◽  
John A. Jane ◽  
Paula Falk
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Tree Shrew ◽  
Interlaminar Connections

scholarly journals Layer 2/3 Synapses in Monocular and Binocular Regions of Tree Shrew Visual Cortex Express mAChR-Dependent Long-Term Depression and Long-Term Potentiation

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 336-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Portia McCoy ◽  
Thomas T. Norton ◽  
Lori L. McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Tree Shrew ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Synaptic Function ◽  
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Long Term Depression ◽  
Term Potentiation ◽  
Layer 2

Acetylcholine is an important modulator of synaptic efficacy and is required for learning and memory tasks involving the visual cortex. In rodent visual cortex, activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) induces a persistent long-term depression (LTD) of transmission at synapses recorded in layer 2/3 of acute slices. Although the rodent studies expand our knowledge of how the cholinergic system modulates synaptic function underlying learning and memory, they are not easily extrapolated to more complex visual systems. Here we used tree shrews for their similarities to primates, including a visual cortex with separate, defined regions of monocular and binocular innervation, to determine whether mAChR activation induces long-term plasticity. We find that the cholinergic agonist carbachol (CCh) not only induces long-term plasticity, but the direction of the plasticity depends on the subregion. In the monocular region, CCh application induces LTD of the postsynaptic potential recorded in layer 2/3 that requires activation of m3 mAChRs and a signaling cascade that includes activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. In contrast, layer 2/3 postsynaptic potentials recorded in the binocular region express long-term potentiation (LTP) following CCh application that requires activation of m1 mAChRs and phospholipase C. Our results show that activation of mAChRs induces long-term plasticity at excitatory synapses in tree shrew visual cortex. However, depending on the ocular inputs to that region, variation exists as to the direction of plasticity, as well as to the specific mAChR and signaling mechanisms that are required.

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