Organization of endogenous opiate and nonopiate pain control systems

Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 216 (4551) ◽  
pp. 1185-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Watkins ◽  
D. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Pain Control ◽  
Endogenous Opiate

Headache Temporal Patterns: Towards a Chronobiological Model

Cephalalgia ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Nappi ◽  
Giuseppe Micieli ◽  
Giorgio Sandrini ◽  
Emilia Martignoni ◽  
Patrizia Lottici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Pain Control ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Primary Headache ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Clinical Symptomatology ◽  
Impaired Ability ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Headache Patients

Rhythmical changes in terrain susceptibility and trigger occurrence can induce periodic temporal patterns in headache patients, with readily foreseeable frequency cycles of attacks. The impaired ability of biological functions to adjust to cyclic environmental changes represents the minus, the handicap, the increased risk of clinical symptomatology (headache); attacks occur when the precarious systems of these patients are forced by cyclical environmental stimuli towards phase shiftings or to cope with new levels of performance. A dyschronic hypothesis of primary headache must be based upon observations demonstrating that along with dysfunctions of the pain control systems there is also a vulnerability of the rhythmic physiological organization of CNS. On sait que les fluctuations de la “susceptibilité du terrain” et la succession rythmique d'évènements trigger différents sont à même de conditionner des profils céphalalgiques périodiques, tout à fait prévisibles dans leur caractère séquentiel. La perte de la capacité des fonctions biologiques de s'adapter aux oscillations ambiantes de nature cyclique représente le “minus”, le “handicap”, le risque accru d'une véritable symptomatologie (céphalée); les crises se manifestent au moment où les stimuli ambients périodiques contraignent les systèmes neuronals précaires de ces patients à un glissement de phase ou à faire face à de nouveaux niveaux critiques d'activité. Une hypothèse dyschronique des céphalées primaires doit se fonder sur des observations démontrant qu'il existe aussi, dans ces patients, à côté du trouble des systèmes préposés au contrôle et à la perception des stimuli nociceptifs, une vulnérabilité de l'organisation physiologique rythmique du SNC. E’ di rilievo comune come fluttuazioni della “suscettibilità di terreno” ed il succedersi ritmico di vari eventi trigger siano in grado di condizionare profili cefalalgici periodici, ampiamente prevedibili nella loro sequenzialità. La perdita della capacità delle funzioni biologiche di adattarsi alle oscillazioni ambientali di natura ciclica costituisce il “minus”, l’ “handicap”, l'aumentato rischio di sintomatologia vera e propria (cefalea); le crisi si manifestano nel momento in cui stimoli ambientali periodici sollecitano i precari sistemi neuronali di questi pazienti a slittare di fase o far fronte a nuovi livelli critici di attività. Un'ipotesi discronica delle cefalee primarie deve fondarsi su osservazioni che dimostrino come in questi pazienti, a lato della disfunzione dei sistemi preposti al controllo ed alla percezione degli stimoli nocicettivi, una vulnerabilità anche esista della fisiologica organizazione ritmica del SNC.

The Nociceptive Flexion Reflex as a Tool for Exploring Pain Control Systems in Headache and Other Pain Syndromes

Cephalalgia ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Sandrini ◽  
Andrea Arrigo ◽  
Giorgio Bono ◽  
Giuseppe Nappi
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Pain Control ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Pain Mechanisms ◽  
Analgesic Treatment ◽  
Flexion Reflex ◽  
Nociceptive Flexion Reflex ◽  
Pain Syndromes

The authors review the neural pathways mediating nociceptive flexion reflexes, the method for analyzing these reflexes in human beings, and available data on their modulation by supraspinal, opioid as well as serotonergic systems. They present results of studies of the biceps femoris flexion reflex (RIII) in pain syndromes and various types of headache. Nociceptive flexor reflexes appear to be interesting for studying the pathophysiology of head pain mechanisms and possibly for evaluating analgesic treatment.

Hypnosis and hierarchical pain control systems

Pain ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Gracely
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Pain Control
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