Multiple sclerosis: presence of lymphatic capillaries and lymphoid tissue in the brain and spinal cord

Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 203 (4385) ◽  
pp. 1123-1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
JW Prineas
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Lymphoid Tissue ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals A Case of Acute Encephalopathy Due to Autoimmune Overload

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Acute Encephalopathy ◽  
Demyelinating Disorder ◽  
Demyelinating Disorders ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, also known as postinfectious encephalomyelitis, is considered an autoimmune disorder that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. It was seen mainly in pediatric population possibly due to vaccination but there have been cases identified in adult [1-9]. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis can be challenging to diagnose owing to fact that there have been many overlapping symptoms among other demyelinating disorder such multiple sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica. In this case report, we will discuss a case about a patient that presented due to acute encephalopathy and was noted to have an atypical MRI of the brain that was not consistent with results of the lumbar puncture [10-12]. Knowledge gained from this case will help bring awareness to the diagnose of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and how imaging in context with the clinical picture can help us differentiate between the various demyelinating disorders; thereby, giving a better understanding of managing these patients as management can affect prognosis and outcomes.

scholarly journals Multiple Sclerosis in the Emirati Population: Onset Disease Characterization by MR Imaging

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Manzoor Ahmed ◽  
Ruqqiya Mir ◽  
Mustafa Shakra ◽  
Safana Al Fardan
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Female Dominance ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Gulf Region ◽  
Lesion Load ◽  
Disseminated Disease ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Background and Objectives. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) epidemiology is on the path of globalization mainly due to changing environmental factors. The prevalence of MS is on the rise in the Middle East and Persian Gulf region. Our observations has led us to hypothesize a heavy MRI lesion load at the onset of disease in a relatively younger native population. We aimed to estimate and characterize the onset disease on MRI using McDonald’s criteria while applying its terms of “Dissemination in Space (DIS) and Dissemination in Time (DIT)”. Materials and Methods. Retrospective review of onset MRI studies of 181 Emirati (native) individuals. Basic demographics were captured. Only 47 patients with Clinically Definite MS (CDMS) were included who had onset diagnostic MRI available. Lesion load was quantified using the specific zones of involvement designated for DIS: (1) Periventricular (PVZ) (I), (2) Juxta-cortical (II) (3) Infra-tentorial (III) and, (4) Spinal cord (IV). PVZ was sub-classified and lesions were quantified. A single enhancing lesion was required for DIT. Results. Average age of onset was about 26 years with female dominance of about 2 : 1. About 50% had all 4 zones and about 85% had at least 3 zones involved at the onset. Involvement of only 1 zone was rare. Dissemination in time (DIT) in brain and/or cord was present in approximately 50%. Each of the 4 zones were involved in at least 70% of cases. PVZ was not spared in any case with at least 3 lesions present in approx. 95% and ≥12 lesions in approx. half of the patients. Spinal cord specifically cervical cord was involved in up to 80% with typical patchy lesions. Conclusion. Onset disease characterization using MRI in a young Emirati cohort showed a heavy lesion load in the brain and spinal cord at the onset, signifying cumulative disease before presentation. Disseminated disease also facilitated early diagnosis of MS. The findings have significant potential ramifications for local environmental and cultural factors, as well as disease course and disability progression.

Early Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis Based on Optical and Electrochemical Biosensors: Comprehensive Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 557-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Kharati ◽  
Sanam Foroutanparsa ◽  
Mohammad Rabiee ◽  
Reza Salarian ◽  
Navid Rabiee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Electrochemical Biosensors ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Biosensor System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) involves an immune-mediated response in which body’s immune system destructs the protective sheath (myelin). Part of the known MS biomarkers are discovered in cerebrospinal fluid like oligoclonal lgG (OCGB), and also in blood like myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG). The conventional MS diagnostic methods often fail to detect the disease in early stages such as Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS), which considered as a concerning issue since CIS highlighted as a prognostic factor of MS development in most cases. Methods: MS diagnostic techniques include Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord, lumbar puncture (or spinal tap) that evaluate cerebrospinal fluid, evoked potential testing revealing abnormalities in the brain and spinal cord. These conventional diagnostic methods have some negative points such as extensive processing time as well as restriction in the quantity of samples that can be analyzed concurrently. Scientists have focused on developing the detection methods especially early detection which belongs to ultra-sensitive, non-invasive and needed for the Point of Care (POC) diagnosis because the situation was complicated by false positive or negative results. Results: As a result, biosensors are utilized and investigated since they could be ultra-sensitive to specific compounds, cost effective devices, body-friendly and easy to implement. In addition, it has been proved that the biosensors on physiological fluids (blood, serum, urine, saliva, milk etc.) have quick response in a non-invasive rout. In general form, a biosensor system for diagnosis and early detection process usually involves; biomarker (target molecule), bio receptor (recognition element) and compatible bio transducer. Conclusion: Studies underlined that early treatment of patients with high possibility of MS can be advantageous by postponing further abnormalities on MRI and subsequent attacks. : This Review highlights variable disease diagnosis approaches such as Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), electrochemical biosensors, Microarrays and microbeads based Microarrays, which are considered as promising methods for detection and early detection of MS.

scholarly journals Reduced neurite density in the brain and cervical spinal cord in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: A NODDI study

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 1647-1657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Collorone ◽  
Niamh Cawley ◽  
Francesco Grussu ◽  
Ferran Prados ◽  
Francesca Tona ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Cognitive Disability ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Neurite Density ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) affects both brain and spinal cord. However, studies of the neuraxis with advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are rare because of long acquisition times. We investigated neurodegeneration in MS brain and cervical spinal cord using neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI). Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate possible alterations, and their clinical relevance, in neurite morphology along the brain and cervical spinal cord of relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients. Methods: In total, 28 RRMS patients and 20 healthy controls (HCs) underwent brain and spinal cord NODDI at 3T. Physical and cognitive disability was assessed. Individual maps of orientation dispersion index (ODI) and neurite density index (NDI) in brain and spinal cord were obtained. We examined differences in NODDI measures between groups and the relationships between NODDI metrics and clinical scores using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex and brain tissue volumes or cord cross-sectional area (CSA). Results: Patients showed lower NDI in the brain normal-appearing white matter (WM) and spinal cord WM than HCs. In patients, a lower NDI in the spinal cord WM was associated with higher disability. Conclusion: Reduced neurite density occurs in the neuraxis but, especially when affecting the spinal cord, it may represent a mechanism of disability in MS.

Multiple Sclerosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chantal Simon
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Autoimmune Process ◽  
Nerve Involvement ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Involvement ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disabling neurological disease due to an autoimmune process of unknown cause. It is characterized by the formation of patches of demyelination (plaques) throughout the brain and spinal cord. There is no peripheral nerve involvement.

scholarly journals Multiple sclerosis: environmental risk factors

1998 ◽  
Vol XXX (1-2) ◽  
pp. 40-42
Author(s):  
Enrico Granieri ◽  
Ilaria Casetta
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Multiple sclerosis is a disease of unknown etiology characterized by inflammory demyelination of the brain and spinal cord. Epidemiological investigations play important role in study of multiple sclerosis. Geographical distribution of the disease has been described in terms of prevalence and incidence. The possible role of environmental factors as a cause of multiple sclerosis had been hypothesized with observation of unequal geographic distribution of the disease. More interesting, in terms of their biological significance, are attempts to identify associations between multiple sclerosis and situations or events wich could cause blood-brain barrier damages, such as trauma or toxic exposures.

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