Behavioral dissociation of dishabituation, sensitization, and inhibition in Aplysia

Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 241 (4862) ◽  
pp. 210-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Marcus ◽  
T. Nolen ◽  
C. Rankin ◽  
T. Carew
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Dissociation

Osmosensitivity of rat third ventricle and interactions with angiotensin

1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (1) ◽  
pp. R75-R82 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Buggy ◽  
W. E. Hoffman ◽  
M. I. Phillips ◽  
A. E. Fisher ◽  
A. K. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Short Latency ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Pressor Responses ◽  
Sucrose Solutions ◽  
Osmotic Stimulation ◽  
Behavioral Dissociation ◽  
Drinking Fluid

Injections of hyperosmotic solutions (1- to 5-microliter injections of NaCl or sucrose solutions ranging in osmolarity from 0.34 to 0.90 osmol/l) into the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V) of rats resulted in short latency drinking antidiuretic, and pressor responses. AV3V injections or infusions of combined angiotensin-hyperosmotic NaCl solution did not result in drinking greater than the sum of drinking to angiotensin and hyperosmotic NaCl separately administered. Differences in water versus saline drinking fluid preferences provided a behavioral dissociation of angiotensin and hyperosmotic sensitive neural mechanisms. Comparison of AV3V and lateral preoptic injection sites provided an additional separation since angiotensin was equally effective at both sites whereas osmotic stimulation was more effective at the AV3V site. AV3V lesions have previously been reported to abolish drinking, antidiuretic, and pressor responses to angiotensin and hyperosmotic stimulation. The data reported here provide additional evidence that angiotensin and hyperosmotic stimuli may both act on tissue surrounding AV3V but suggest that the neural substrates for these stimuli are not identical.

Constraints on Plasticity in a Connectionist Model of the English Past Tense

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia A. Marchman
Keyword(s):  
Critical Period ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Connectionist Model ◽  
Learning History ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
Maturational Change ◽  
Irregular Verbs ◽  
Behavioral Dissociation

This paper investigates constraints on dissociation and plasticity in a connectionist model undergoing random “lesions” both prior to and during training. When networks were trained only on phonological encodings of stem-suhed pairs similar to English regular verbs (e.g., walk  walked), long-term deficits (i.e., “critical period” effects) were not observed, yet there were substantive short-term effects of injury. When training vocabulary reflected the English-like competition between regular (suffixed) and irregular verbs (e.g., go  went, hit  hit), the acquisition of regular verbs became increasingly susceptible to injury, while the irregulars were learned quickly and were relatively impervious to damage. Patterns of generalization to novel forms conflicts with the assumption that this behavioral dissociation is indicative of selective impairment of the learning and generalization of the past tense rule, while the associative lexical-based mechanism is left intact. Instead, we propose a view of network performance in which the regular-irregular dissociation derives from a general reduction in the ability to find a single-mechanism solution when resolving the competition between two classes of mappings. In light of other models in which “regular” and “irregular” forms compete (e.g., Patterson, Seidenberg, & McClelland, 1989), as well as patterns of performance in normal and disordered English speakers (e.g., Pinker, 1991), two general implications are discussed: (1) critical period effects need not derive from endog-enously determined maturational change, but instead may in part result from learning history in relation to characteristics of the language to be learned (i.e., entrenchment), and (2) selective dissociations can result from general damage in systems that are not modularized in terms of rule-based vs. associative mechanisms.

scholarly journals A Reading Model from the Perspective of Japanese Orthography: Connectionist Approach to the Hypothesis of Granularity and Transparency

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 490-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mutsuo Ijuin ◽  
Taeko N. Wydell
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Current Model ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Computer Simulation Model ◽  
Poor Reading ◽  
Connectionist Approach ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Behavioral Dissociation ◽  
Bilingual Individual

This study presents a computer simulation model of reading in Japanese syllabic kana and morphographic kanji. The model was based on the simulation model developed by Harm and Seidenberg for reading in English. The purpose of building the current model was to verify the validity of the hypothesis of granularity and transparency (HGT) postulated by Wydell and Butterworth, focusing on the granularity dimension. The HGT was developed in order to explain the behavioral dissociation between excellent reading skills in Japanese and poor reading skills in English of an English–Japanese bilingual individual as well as the relatively low incidence of developmental dyslexia in Japan. The current model was successful in simulating the granularity dimension of the HGT. The study also identified several limitations, which need to be addressed in future research.

scholarly journals The Reflective Mind: Examining Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Base Rate Neglect with fMRI

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1011-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oshin Vartanian ◽  
Erin L. Beatty ◽  
Ingrid Smith ◽  
Kristen Blackler ◽  
Quan Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Reflective Thinking ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Thinking Styles ◽  
Cognitive Reflection Test ◽  
Cognitive Reflection ◽  
Base Rate Neglect ◽  
Behavioral Dissociation

Performance on heuristics and bias tasks has been shown to be susceptible to bias. In turn, susceptibility to bias varies as a function of individual differences in cognitive abilities (e.g., intelligence) and thinking styles (e.g., propensity for reflection). Using a classic task (i.e., lawyer–engineer problem), we conducted two experiments to examine the differential contributions of cognitive abilities versus thinking styles to performance. The results of Experiment 1 demonstrated that the Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT)—a well-established measure of reflective thinking—predicted performance on conflict problems (where base rates and intuition point in opposite directions), whereas STM predicted performance on nonconflict problems. Experiment 2 conducted in the fMRI scanner replicated this behavioral dissociation and enabled us to probe their neural correlates. As predicted, conflict problems were associated with greater activation in the ACC—a key region for conflict detection—even in cases when participants responded stereotypically. In participants with higher CRT scores, conflict problems were associated with greater activation in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and activation in PCC covaried in relation to CRT scores during conflict problems. Also, CRT scores predicted activation in PCC in conflict problems (over and above nonconflict problems). Our results suggest that individual differences in reflective thinking as measured by CRT are related to brain activation in PCC—a region involved in regulating attention between external and internal foci. We discuss the implications of our findings in terms of PCC's possible involvement in switching from intuitive to analytic mode of thought.

Behavioral dissociation of working memory and selective attention functions in schizophrenia

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 129-130
Author(s):  
Aysenil Belger ◽  
Yael Taqqu ◽  
John H. Krystal
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Selective Attention ◽  
Behavioral Dissociation

Sustained vs. transient cognitive control: Evidence of a behavioral dissociation

Cognition ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Jesús Funes ◽  
Juan Lupiáñez ◽  
Glyn Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Behavioral Dissociation

Hippocampus, space, and memory

1979 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Olton ◽  
James T. Becker ◽  
Gail E. Handelmann
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Cognitive Maps ◽  
Reference Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Behavioral Dissociation ◽  
Memory Characteristics

AbstractWe examine two different descriptions of the behavioral functions of the hippocampal system. One emphasizes spatially organized behaviors, especially those using cognitive maps. The other emphasizes memory, particularly working memory, a short-term memory that requires iexible stimulus-response associations and is highly susceptible to interference. The predictive value of the spatial and memory descriptions were evaluated by testing rats with damage to the hippocampal system in a series of experiments, independently manipulating the spatial and memory characteristics of a behavioral task. No dissociations were found when the spatial characteristics of the stimuli to be remembered were changed; lesions produced a similar deficit in both spatial and nonspatial test procedures, indicating that the hippocampus was similarly involved regardless of the spatial nature of the task. In contrast, a marked dissociation was found when the memory requirements were altered. Rats with lesions were able to perform accurately in tasks that could be solved exclusively on the basis of reference memory. They performed at chance levels and showed no signs of recovery even with extensive postoperative training in tasks that required working memory. In one experiment all the characteristics of the reference memory and working memory procedures were identical except the type of memory required. Consequently, the behavioral dissociation cannot be explained by differences in attention, motivation, response inhibition, or the type of stimuli to be remembered. As a result of these experiments we propose that the hippocampus is selectively involved in behaviors that require working memory, irrespective of the type of material (spatial or nonspatial) that is to be processed by that memory.

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