1.ABSTRACTUnderstanding pH-dependent protein stability is important in biological - transport, storage, and delivery, in vivo conditions such as aggregation potential in neurodegenerative disease, and in studying the folding/unfolding of proteins. Using computer simulations, we can replace complex experimental determination and provide an atomistic-level interpretation of the cause and effect of pH on protein stability. Here, we standardize a method that provides a framework through which we examined pH-dependent transient conformations during unfolding simulations of proteins. Constant pH simulations utilized in the prediction of pKa values of charged groups of the peptide. The calculated pKa values employed to fix the appropriate protonation state of the amino acid to simulate the effect of pH on the system. Trajectories from multiple high-temperature MD simulations of the protein sample the conformational space during unfolding for a given pH state. The ensemble of conformations is analyzed from its free energy landscape to identify transient and stable conformations both at a given pH and between different pH. As a test system RN80, a protein fragment analog of the C-peptide from bovine pancreatic ribonuclease-A used to measure the accuracy of the predictions from simulations. Experimental measures of the helix content determined as a function of pH display a bell-shaped curve, i.e. RN80 alpha-helix formation is maximum at pH5 with a subsequent loss in helicity at higher and lower pH. The main forces stabilizing the alpha-helix are a salt-bridge formed between Glu-2 and Arg-10 and cation-pi-interaction between Tyr-8 and His-12. Our protocol includes constant pH calculations, optimal high-temperature simulations, and Free Energy landscape analysis exhibited the agreement with the experimental observations.
Tolerance of T4 lysozyme to proline substitutions within the long interdomain alpha-helix illustrates the adaptability of proteins to potentially destabilizing lesions.