In vitro reconstruction of the respiratory central pattern generator of the mollusk Lymnaea

Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 250 (4978) ◽  
pp. 282-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Syed ◽  
A. Bulloch ◽  
K Lukowiak
Keyword(s):  
Central Pattern Generator ◽  
Pattern Generator ◽  
Respiratory Central Pattern Generator

A CORDIC based real-time implementation and analysis of a respiratory central pattern generator

2021 ◽  
Vol 423 ◽  
pp. 373-388
Author(s):  
Xinyu Hao ◽  
Shuangming Yang ◽  
Bin Deng ◽  
Jiang Wang ◽  
Xile Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Central Pattern Generator ◽  
Pattern Generator ◽  
Respiratory Central Pattern Generator

Evolution of air-breathing and central CO(2)/H(+) respiratory chemosensitivity: new insights from an old fish?

2000 ◽  
Vol 203 (22) ◽  
pp. 3505-3512 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Wilson ◽  
M.B. Harris ◽  
J.E. Remmers ◽  
S.F. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Central Pattern Generator ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
Pattern Generator ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Air Breathing ◽  
Longnose Gar ◽  
Isolated Brainstem

While little is known of the origin of air-breathing in vertebrates, primitive air breathers can be found among extant lobe-finned (Sarcopterygii) and ray-finned (Actinopterygii) fish. The descendents of Sarcopterygii, the tetrapods, generate lung ventilation using a central pattern generator, the activity of which is modulated by central and peripheral CO(2)/H(+) chemoreception. Air-breathing in Actinopterygii, in contrast, has been considered a ‘reflexive’ behaviour with little evidence for central CO(2)/H(+) respiratory chemoreceptors. Here, we describe experiments using an in vitro brainstem preparation of a primitive air-breathing actinopterygian, the longnose gar Lepisosteus osseus. Our data suggest (i) that gill and air-breathing motor patterns can be produced autonomously by the isolated brainstem, and (ii) that the frequency of the air-breathing motor pattern is increased by hypercarbia. These results are the first evidence consistent with the presence of an air-breathing central pattern generator with central CO(2)/H(+) respiratory chemosensitivity in any primitive actinopterygian fish. We speculate that the origin of the central neuronal controller for air-breathing preceded the divergence of the sarcopterygian and actinopterygian lineages and dates back to a common air-breathing ancestor.

scholarly journals Dynamics of episodic and continuous rhythmic activities from a developing central pattern generator

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon A. Sharples ◽  
Alex Vargas ◽  
Adam P. Lognon ◽  
Leanne Young ◽  
Anchita Shonak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Pattern Generator ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Pattern Generator ◽  
Newborn Mouse ◽  
Spinal Motor ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractDeveloping spinal motor networks produce a diverse array of outputs, including episodic and continuous patterns of rhythmic activity. Variation in excitability state and neuromodulatory tone can facilitate transitions between episodic and continuous rhythms; however, the intrinsic mechanisms that govern these rhythms and transitions are poorly understood. Here, we tested the capacity of a single central pattern generator (CPG) circuit with tunable properties to generate multiple outputs. To address this, we deployed a computational model composed of an inhibitory half-centre oscillator. We tested the contributions of key properties predicted by the model to the generation of an episodic rhythm produced by isolated spinal cords of the newborn mouse. The model was capable of reproducing the diverse state-dependent rhythms evoked by dopamine in the neonatal mouse spinal cord. In the model, episodic bursting depended predominantly on the endogenous oscillatory properties of neurons, with persistent Na+(INaP), Na+-K+ ATPase pump (IPump), and hyperpolarization-activated currents (Ih) playing key roles. Modulation of all three currents produced transitions between episodic and continuous rhythms and silence. Pharmacological manipulation of these properties in vitro led to consistent changes in spinally generated rhythmic outputs elicited by dopamine. The model also showed multistable zones within a narrow range of parameter space for IPump and Ih, where switches between rhythms were rapidly triggered by brief but specific perturbations. Outside of those zones, brief perturbations could reset episodic and continuous rhythmicity generated by the model. Our modelling and experimental results provide insight into mechanisms that govern the generation of multiple patterns of rhythmicity by a single CPG. We propose that neuromodulators alter circuit properties to position the network within regions of state-space that favour stable outputs or, in the case of multistable zones, facilitate rapid transitions between states.Significance statementThe ability of a single CPG to produce and transition between multiple rhythmic patterns of activity is poorly understood. We deployed a complementary computational half-centre oscillator model and an isolated spinal cord experimental model to identify key currents whose interaction produced episodic and continuous rhythmic activity. Combined, our experimental and modelling approaches suggest mechanisms that govern generating and transitioning between diverse rhythms in mammalian spinal networks. This work sheds light on the ability of a single CPG to produce episodic bouts often observed in behavioural contexts.

scholarly journals The locust frontal ganglion: a central pattern generator network controlling foregut rhythmic motor patterns

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (18) ◽  
pp. 2825-2832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Ayali ◽  
Yael Zilberstein ◽  
Netta Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Central Pattern Generator ◽  
Schistocerca Gregaria ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
Pattern Generator ◽  
Rhythmic Pattern ◽  
Stomatogastric Nervous System ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Frontal Ganglion

SUMMARYThe frontal ganglion (FG) is part of the insect stomatogastric nervous system and is found in most insect orders. Previous work has shown that in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, the FG constitutes a major source of innervation to the foregut. In an in vitro preparation,isolated from all descending and sensory inputs, the FG spontaneously generated rhythmic multi-unit bursts of action potentials that could be recorded from all its efferent nerves. The consistent endogenous FG rhythmic pattern indicates the presence of a central pattern generator network. We found the appearance of in vitro rhythmic activity to be strongly correlated with the physiological state of the donor locust. A robust pattern emerged only after a period of saline superfusion, if the locust had a very full foregut and crop, or if the animal was close to ecdysis. Accordingly,haemolymph collected at these stages inhibited an ongoing rhythmic pattern when applied onto the ganglion. We present this novel central pattern generating system as a basis for future work on the neural network characterisation and its role in generating and controlling behaviour.

Respiration and Wine Aromas

Neuroenology ◽  
2016 ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
Gordon M. Shepherd
Keyword(s):  
Central Pattern Generator ◽  
Pattern Generator ◽  
Wine Aroma ◽  
Respiratory Central Pattern Generator

Respiration is critical to producing both orthonasal and retronasal smell. We explain how the diaphragm moves up and down, controlled by the nerves from the respiratory central pattern generator. We look inside the nose to see how the sniff produces complex airflows when we are sampling the wine aroma in the glass by orthonasal smell.

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