scholarly journals Monitoring parasite diversity for malaria elimination in sub-Saharan Africa

Science ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 345 (6202) ◽  
pp. 1297-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ghansah ◽  
L. Amenga-Etego ◽  
A. Amambua-Ngwa ◽  
B. Andagalu ◽  
T. Apinjoh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Parasite Diversity ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals Rising report of Plasmodium vivax in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for malaria elimination agenda

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. e00596
Author(s):  
Mary Aigbiremo Oboh ◽  
Kolapo Muyiwa Oyebola ◽  
Emmanuel Taiwo Idowu ◽  
Aida Sadikh Badiane ◽  
Olubunmi Adetoro Otubanjo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals New Challenges in Malaria Elimination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanta Kumar Ghosh ◽  
Chaitali Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Artemisinin Resistance ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Chloroquine Resistance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Synthetic Pyrethroids ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization

In recent years, efforts to eliminate malaria has gained a tremendous momentum, and many countries have achieved this goal — but it has faced many challenges. Recent COVID-19 pandemic has compounded the challenges due to cessation of many on-field operations. Accordingly, the World Health Organization (WHO) has advocated to all malaria-endemic countries to continue the malaria elimination operations following the renewed protocols. The recent reports of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum followed by indication of chloroquine resistance in P. vivax, and reduced susceptibility of synthetic pyrethroids used in long lasting insecticide nets are some issues hindering the elimination efforts. Moreover, long distance night migration of vector mosquitoes in sub-Saharan Africa and invasion of Asian vector Anopheles stephensi in many countries including Africa and Southeast Asia have added to the problems. In addition, deletion of histidine rich protein 2 and 3 (Pfhrp2/3) genes in P. falciparum in many countries has opened new vistas to be addressed for point-of-care diagnosis of this parasite. It is needed to revisit the strategies adopted by those countries have made malaria elimination possible even in difficult situations. Strengthening surveillance and larval source management are the main strategies for successful elimination of malaria. New technologies like Aptamar, and artificial intelligence and machine learning would prove very useful in addressing many ongoing issues related to malaria elimination.

scholarly journals A national policy for malaria elimination in Swaziland: a first for sub-Saharan Africa

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Kunene ◽  
Allison A Phillips ◽  
Roly D Gosling ◽  
Deepika Kandula ◽  
Joseph M Novotny
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan

scholarly journals Malaria in Eswatini, 2012-2019: A Case Study of the Elimination Effort.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresia Estomih Nkya ◽  
Ulrike Fillinger ◽  
Makhoselive Dlamini ◽  
Onyango P. Sangoro ◽  
Rose Marubu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Malaria Vectors ◽  
Entomological Surveillance ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Eswatini was the first country in sub-Saharan Africa to pass a National Malaria Elimination Policy in 2011 and later set a target for elimination by the year 2020. This case study aimed to review Eswatini’s progress towards malaria elimination by 2020. Coverage of indoor residual spraying (IRS) for vector control and data on malaria cases were provided by the National Malaria Programme (NMP) of Eswatini. The data included all cases treated for malaria in all health facilities. The data was analysed descriptively. Over the eight-year period, a total of 5,511 patients reported to the health facilities with malaria symptoms. Case investigation rate through the routine surveillance system increased from 50% in 2012 to 84% in 2019. Incidence per 1000 population at risk fluctuated between the years but in general increased from 0.70 in 2012 to 1.65 in 2019 with highest incidence of 3.19 reported in 2017. IRS data showed inconsistency in spraying over the eight-year period. Eswatini has fallen short of achieving malaria elimination by 2020. Malaria cases are still consistently reported, albeit at low rates, with occasional localised outbreaks. To achieve elimination, it is critical to optimise timely and well-targeted IRS and to consider rational expansion of tools for an integrated malaria control approach in Eswatini by including tools such as larval source management, long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), screening of mosquito house entry points and chemoprophylaxis. The establishment of rigorous routine entomological surveillance should be among the priorities in order to determine the local malaria vectors’ ecology, potential species diversity and the role of secondary vectors and insecticide resistance.

scholarly journals Diversity and distribution of avian haemosporidians in sub-Saharan Africa: an inter-regional biogeographic overview

Parasitology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (4) ◽  
pp. 394-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
DIANA C. OUTLAW ◽  
JOHANNA A. HARVEY ◽  
SERGEI V. DROVETSKI ◽  
GARY VOELKER
Keyword(s):  
Avian Malaria ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Parasite Diversity ◽  
Current State ◽  
Sampling Problem ◽  
Avian Haemosporidians ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Host Parasite

SUMMARYThe diversity of avian malaria parasites is much greater than 20th century morphologists realized and virtually every study in this field in the last 15 years has uncovered previously undocumented diversity at multiple levels within the taxonomic hierarchy. Despite this explosion of knowledge, there remain vast sampling gaps, both geographically and host-taxonomically, which makes characterizing patterns of diversity extremely challenging. Here, we summarize the current state of knowledge of sub-Saharan African avian malaria parasite diversity, focusing on avian hosts endemic to Africa. The relative proportions of the parasite genera included here, Plasmodium, Haemoproteus (including Parahaemoproteus) and Leucocytozoon, varied between regions, in part due to habitat preferences of the insect vectors of these genera, and in part we believe due to sampling bias. Biogeographic regions of sub-Saharan Africa harbour about the same proportion of endemic to shared parasite lineages, but there appears to be no phylogenetic structuring across regions. Our results highlight the sampling problem that must be addressed if we are to have a detailed understanding of parasite diversity in Africa. Without broad sampling within and across regions and hosts, using both molecular tools and microscopy, conclusions about parasite diversity, host–parasite interactions or even transmission dynamics remain extremely limited.

scholarly journals Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale in the Malaria Elimination Agenda in Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac K. Quaye ◽  
Larysa Aleksenko
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Roll Back Malaria ◽  
Plasmodium Ovale ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Roll Back ◽  
Duffy Negative ◽  
A Current

In recent times, several countries in sub-Saharan Africa have reported cases of Plasmodium vivax (Pv) with a considerable number being Duffy negative. Current efforts at malaria elimination are focused solely on Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) excluding non-falciparum malaria. Pv and Plasmodium ovale (Po) have hypnozoite forms that can serve as reservoirs of infection and sustain transmission. The burden of these parasites in Africa seems to be more than acknowledged, playing roles in migrant and autochthonous infections. Considering that elimination and eradication is a current aim for WHO and Roll Back Malaria (RBM), the inclusion of Pv and Po in the elimination agenda cannot be over-emphasized. The biology of Pv and Po are such that the same elimination strategies as are used for Pf cannot be applied so, going forward, new approaches will be required to attain elimination and eradication targets.

scholarly journals Households or Hotspots? Defining Intervention Targets for Malaria Elimination in Ratanakiri Province, Eastern Cambodia

2019 ◽  
Vol 220 (6) ◽  
pp. 1034-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Bannister-Tyrrell ◽  
Meryam Krit ◽  
Vincent Sluydts ◽  
Sochantha Tho ◽  
Mao Sokny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Elimination ◽  
Malaria Risk ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
First Year ◽  
Plasmodium Infection ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Crude Prevalence

Abstract Background Malaria “hotspots” have been proposed as potential intervention units for targeted malaria elimination. Little is known about hotspot formation and stability in settings outside sub-Saharan Africa. Methods Clustering of Plasmodium infections at the household and hotspot level was assessed over 2 years in 3 villages in eastern Cambodia. Social and spatial autocorrelation statistics were calculated to assess clustering of malaria risk, and logistic regression was used to assess the effect of living in a malaria hotspot compared to living in a malaria-positive household in the first year of the study on risk of malaria infection in the second year. Results The crude prevalence of Plasmodium infection was 8.4% in 2016 and 3.6% in 2017. Living in a hotspot in 2016 did not predict Plasmodium risk at the individual or household level in 2017 overall, but living in a Plasmodium-positive household in 2016 strongly predicted living in a Plasmodium-positive household in 2017 (Risk Ratio, 5.00 [95% confidence interval, 2.09–11.96], P < .0001). There was no consistent evidence that malaria risk clustered in groups of socially connected individuals from different households. Conclusions Malaria risk clustered more clearly in households than in hotspots over 2 years. Household-based strategies should be prioritized in malaria elimination programs in this region.

RTS,S/AS01, a vaccine targeting pre-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-537
Author(s):  
Lorenz von Seidlein ◽  
Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn ◽  
Podjanee Jittmala ◽  
Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
Keyword(s):  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Pivotal Phase ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Sub Saharan

RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced vaccine to prevent malaria. It is safe and moderately effective. A large pivotal phase III trial in over 15 000 young children in sub-Saharan Africa completed in 2014 showed that the vaccine could protect around one-third of children (aged 5–17 months) and one-fourth of infants (aged 6–12 weeks) from uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The European Medicines Agency approved licensing and programmatic roll-out of the RTSS vaccine in malaria endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO is planning further studies in a large Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme, in more than 400 000 young African children. With the changing malaria epidemiology in Africa resulting in older children at risk, alternative modes of employment are under evaluation, for example the use of RTS,S/AS01 in older children as part of seasonal malaria prophylaxis. Another strategy is combining mass drug administrations with mass vaccine campaigns for all age groups in regional malaria elimination campaigns. A phase II trial is ongoing to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the RTSS in combination with antimalarial drugs in Thailand. Such novel approaches aim to extract the maximum benefit from the well-documented, short-lasting protective efficacy of RTS,S/AS01.

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