Photonic Crystal Light Collectors in Fish Retina Improve Vision in Turbid Water

Science ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 336 (6089) ◽  
pp. 1700-1703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Kreysing ◽  
Roland Pusch ◽  
Dorothee Haverkate ◽  
Meik Landsberger ◽  
Jacob Engelmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Photonic Crystal ◽  
Turbid Water ◽  
Functional Type ◽  
Cone Photoreceptors ◽  
Rod Photoreceptors ◽  
Spatial Noise ◽  
Cone Sensitivity ◽  
Gnathonemus Petersii ◽  
Fish Retina

Despite their diversity, vertebrate retinae are specialized to maximize either photon catch or visual acuity. Here, we describe a functional type that is optimized for neither purpose. In the retina of the elephantnose fish (Gnathonemus petersii), cone photoreceptors are grouped together within reflecting, photonic crystal–lined cups acting as macroreceptors, but rod photoreceptors are positioned behind these reflectors. This unusual arrangement matches rod and cone sensitivity for detecting color-mixed stimuli, whereas the photoreceptor grouping renders the fish insensitive to spatial noise; together, this enables more reliable flight reactions in the fish’s dim and turbid habitat as compared with fish lacking this retinal specialization.

Localization and expression of insulin-like growth factor in the teleost retina

1995 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas F. Mack ◽  
Steven L. Balt ◽  
Russell D. Fernald
Keyword(s):  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Cone Photoreceptors ◽  
Haplochromis Burtoni ◽  
Igf I ◽  
Teleost Retina ◽  
Fish Retina

AbstractTeleost fish retinas continue to add neurons throughout life, and evidence from in vitro experiments have implicated insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in this process. To discover whether these factors are expressed in vivo, we have examined their expression in the cichlid fish, Haplochromis burtoni. Three lines of evidence show that IGFs are present in the fish retina. An IGF-I specific antibody, sm 1.2, binds preferentially to the retinal outer plexiform layer, in areas of cone photoreceptor synaptic endings. Northern blots of mRNA hybridized with riboprobes from trout IGF-I and IGF-II genes revealed transcripts of ~6.5 and 4.9 kb, respectively. The IGF-I probe detected an additional transcript of 1.2 kb in liver but not in retinal mRNA. In situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled riboprobes revealed that the IGF gene product is localized in the cone photoreceptors. These results show that cone photoreceptors are the source of IGFs in the fish retina, consistent with the hypothesis that IGFs play a role in regulating production of new neurons in the teleost retina.

scholarly journals Otx2 and Onecut1 Promote the Fates of Cone Photoreceptors and Horizontal Cells and Repress Rod Photoreceptors

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark M. Emerson ◽  
Natalia Surzenko ◽  
Jillian J. Goetz ◽  
Jeffrey Trimarchi ◽  
Constance L. Cepko
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Cone Photoreceptors ◽  
Rod Photoreceptors

scholarly journals ANALISIS INDRA PENGLIHATAN IKAN KERAPU MACAN (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) DAN HUBUNGANNYA DALAM MERESPONS UMPAN

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
M Riyanto ◽  
Ari Purbayanto ◽  
D S.S. Natsir
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
Behavior Response ◽  
Single Cone ◽  
Epinephelus Fuscoguttatus ◽  
Sighting Distance ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Fish Retina ◽  
Visual Organ

The visual organ in fish has an important role in ensuring its survival. Fish can respond to bait or food with its visual organ. The objectives of this research are to analyse the visual performance of grouper (cone cell morphology, the visual axis, and visual acuity) and to analyse the relation between visual senses with fish behavior response to the bait. This research was conducted in the laboratory by means of the determination of fish retina histology method and behavior of fish. The morphology retina of grouper consists of a single cone and double cone which form a mosaic structure, the visual axis was identified at upper-fore with the angle of 26.8o.The visual acuity of grouper was low in index values with ranged from 0.06 to 0.07 for fish with a total length of 200 to 300 mm, the maximum sighting distance to the bait with the diameter of 20 mm size ranged from 3.93 to 4.74 m, the bait with 25 mm diameter size range from 4.91 to 5.92 and bait with a diameter of 30 mm size ranged from 5.89 to 7.11 m. The frequency of fish closed the bait distance of 30 cm was 45.83%, 25 cm was 33.33% and 20 cm was 20.83%, respectively.

scholarly journals Quantifying Color Vision Changes Associated with Cataracts Using Cone Contrast Thresholds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urmi Mehta ◽  
Anna Diep ◽  
Kevin Nguyen ◽  
Bryan Le ◽  
Clara Yuh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Color Vision ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Contrast Threshold ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Good Visual Acuity ◽  
Contrast Vision ◽  
Cone Sensitivity

AbstractPurposeThe cone contrast threshold (CCT) test quantified color vision changes in subjects of all ages and those undergoing cataract surgery.MethodsTwenty-four healthy volunteers from two cohort studies performed CCT using best corrected visual acuity, filters, mydriasis, and pinhole correction. Retrospective cross-sectional study of patients seen in eye clinics evaluated the relationship between age and color vision, and age and lens status in 355 eyes. Lastly, 25 subjects performed CCT before and after cataract surgery.ResultsCCT scores were most reliable in the non-mydriatic condition without pinhole correction. Progressively dense brown filters produced small but significant reductions in S-cone sensitivity. Linear regression analysis of phakic subjects showed a decline for all cone classes with age. Rate of decline was greater for S-cones (slope (95% CI) = −1.09 (−1.23, 0.94)) than M-cones (slope (95% CI) = −0.80 (−0.95, −0.66)) and L-cones (slope (95% CI) = −0.66 (−0.81, - 0.52)). CCT scores increased for S-cones but reduced for L- and M-cones in pseudophakic subjects compared to phakic patients. CCT scores after cataract surgery increased for S-cones, M-cones, and L-cones by 33.0 (p<0.001), 24.9 (p=0.001), and 22.0 (p=0.008).ConclusionsCCT assessment allows for clinically practical quantitation of color and contrast vision improvement after cataract surgery and aging patients who note poor vision despite good visual acuity.Translational RelevanceCCT testing, historically used in research, is now a clinically practical tool to evaluate age and cataract related changes in color and contrast vision and routinely quantify vision beyond black and white visual acuity testing.

scholarly journals Functional Characterization and Molecular Cloning of the K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger in Intact Retinal Cone Photoreceptors

2006 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Paillart ◽  
Robert J. Winkfein ◽  
Paul P.M. Schnetkamp ◽  
Juan I. Korenbrot
Keyword(s):  
Outer Segment ◽  
Splice Variants ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Cone Photoreceptors ◽  
Single Class ◽  
Rod Photoreceptors ◽  
Reverse Mode ◽  
Single Cone ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Retinal Cone

Light-dependent changes in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ are much faster in the outer segment of cone than rod photoreceptors in the vertebrate retina. In the limit, this rate is determined by the activity of an electrogenic Na+/Ca2+ exchanger located in the outer segment plasma membrane. We investigate the functional properties of the exchanger activity in intact, single cone photoreceptors isolated from striped bass retina. Exchanger function is characterized through analysis both of the electrogenic exchanger current and cytoplasmic free Ca2+ measured with optical probes. The exchanger in cones is K+ dependent and operates both in forward and reverse modes. In the reverse mode, the K+ dependence of the exchanger is described by binding to a single site with K1/2 about 3.6 mM. From the retina of the fish we cloned exchanger molecules bassNCKX1 and bassNCKX2. BassNCKX1 is a single class of molecules, homologous to exchangers previously cloned from mammalian rods. BassNCKX2 exists in four splice variants that differ from each other by small sequence differences in the single, large cytoplasmic loop characteristic of these molecules. We used RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) of individual cells to identify the exchanger molecule specifically expressed in bass single and twin cone photoreceptors. Each and every one of the four bassNCKX2 splice variants is expressed in both single and twin cones indistinguishably. BassNCKX1 is not expressed in cones and, by exclusion, it is likely to be an exchanger expressed in rods.

scholarly journals Circadian Rhythm Disruption Results in Visual Dysfunction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepa Mathew ◽  
Ashay D Bhatwadekar
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Photoreceptor Degeneration ◽  
Dark Cycle ◽  
Visual Dysfunction ◽  
Rod Photoreceptors ◽  
Retinal Protein ◽  
Retinal Thinning ◽  
The Impact

Circadian rhythm disruption (CRD) contributes to the development of multiple metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. However, its effect on vision is not understood. We evaluated the impact of CRD on retinal morphology, physiology, and vision after housing mice in a disruption inducing shorter light/dark cycle (L10:D10). Interestingly, the mice under L10:D10 exhibited three different entrainment behaviors; 'entrained', 'freerunning', and 'zigzagging.' These behavior groups under CRD exhibited reduced visual acuity, retinal thinning, and a decrease in the number of rod photoreceptors. Intriguingly, the electroretinogram response was decreased only in the mice exhibiting 'entrained' behavior. The retinal proteome showed distinct changes with each entrainment behavior. These results demonstrate that CRD leads to photoreceptor degeneration and visual dysfunction. We uniquely show the effect of entrainment behavior on retinal protein composition and physiology. Our data has broader implications in understanding and mitigating the effect of CRD on vision health.

scholarly journals Generation of human neural retina transcriptome atlas by single cell RNA sequencing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel W. Lukowski ◽  
Camden Y. Lo ◽  
Alexei Sharov ◽  
Quan H. Nguyen ◽  
Lyujie Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Cell ◽  
Rna Sequencing ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Muller Glia ◽  
Müller Glia ◽  
Cone Photoreceptors ◽  
Rod Photoreceptors ◽  
Retinal Cells ◽  
Single Cell Rna Sequencing

SummaryThe retina is a highly specialized neural tissue that senses light and initiates image processing. Although the functional organisation of specific cells within the retina has been well-studied, the molecular profile of many cell types remains unclear in humans. To comprehensively profile cell types in the human retina, we performed single cell RNA-sequencing on 20,009 cells obtained post-mortem from three donors and compiled a reference transcriptome atlas. Using unsupervised clustering analysis, we identified 18 transcriptionally distinct clusters representing all known retinal cells: rod photoreceptors, cone photoreceptors, Müller glia cells, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, retinal ganglion cells, horizontal cells, retinal astrocytes and microglia. Notably, our data captured molecular profiles for healthy and early degenerating rod photoreceptors, and revealed a novel role of MALAT1 in putative rod degeneration. We also demonstrated the use of this retina transcriptome atlas to benchmark pluripotent stem cell-derived cone photoreceptors and an adult Müller glia cell line. This work provides an important reference with unprecedented insights into the transcriptional landscape of human retinal cells, which is fundamental to our understanding of retinal biology and disease.

Relationships between Müller cells and neurons in a primitive tetrapod, the Australian lungfish

1997 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 795-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Müller Cells ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Müller Cell ◽  
Muller Cells ◽  
Cone Photoreceptors ◽  
Rod Photoreceptors ◽  
Muller Cell ◽  
Australian Lungfish

AbstractWe recently proposed a model of cytogenesis which assumes that primitive ancestral mammals and premammalian vertebrates had a retinal composition that consisted of about seven neurons per Müller cell, comprising 1–2 cone photoreceptors, 1–2 rod photoreceptors, 2–3 bipolar cells, 1–2 amacrine cells, less than 1 ganglion cell, and less than 1 horizontal cell (Reichenbach & Robinson, 1995). The Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsten) closely resembles the lobe-finned ancestors of land vertebrates, and has an extremely plesiomorphic nervous system. The present study, therefore, has examined the relative frequencies of retinal neurons and Müller cells (identified by immunolabelling for glutamine synthetase) in the lungfish retina. It was found that for each Müller cell there is an average of 1.9 cone photoreceptors, 1.7 rod photoreceptors, 3.1 amacrine/bipolar/horizontal cells, and 0.6 ganglion cells; amounting to a ratio of 7.3 neurons per Müller cell. These results support our conjecture that the sequence of cytogenesis in mammals is constrained by a developmental program that predates the evolution of mammals. The study also provides the first detailed morphological descriptions of lungfish Müller cells and their relationship with adjacent neurons. It was found that individual Müller cells in lungfish have a volume (more than 12,000 μm3) that is an order of magnitude higher than in mammals, yet the proportion of total retinal volume occupied by these cells (20%) is very similar.

The embryogenesis of rod photoreceptors in the teleost fish retina, Haplochromis burtoni

1998 ◽  
Vol 108 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 217-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Hagedorn ◽  
Andreas F Mack ◽  
Barbara Evans ◽  
Russell D Fernald
Keyword(s):  
Teleost Fish ◽  
Rod Photoreceptors ◽  
Haplochromis Burtoni ◽  
Fish Retina

scholarly journals Cone Photoreceptors Develop Normally in the Absence of Functional Rod Photoreceptors in a Transgenic Swine Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa

2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 2460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan P. Fernandez de Castro ◽  
Patrick A. Scott ◽  
James W. Fransen ◽  
James Demas ◽  
Paul J. DeMarco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinitis Pigmentosa ◽  
Swine Model ◽  
Cone Photoreceptors ◽  
Rod Photoreceptors ◽  
Transgenic Swine
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