CRISPR/Cas, the Immune System of Bacteria and Archaea

Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 327 (5962) ◽  
pp. 167-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Horvath ◽  
Rodolphe Barrangou
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Viral Resistance ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Hypervariable Loci ◽  
Over Time

Microbes rely on diverse defense mechanisms that allow them to withstand viral predation and exposure to invading nucleic acid. In many Bacteria and most Archaea, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) form peculiar genetic loci, which provide acquired immunity against viruses and plasmids by targeting nucleic acid in a sequence-specific manner. These hypervariable loci take up genetic material from invasive elements and build up inheritable DNA-encoded immunity over time. Conversely, viruses have devised mutational escape strategies that allow them to circumvent the CRISPR/Cas system, albeit at a cost. CRISPR features may be exploited for typing purposes, epidemiological studies, host-virus ecological surveys, building specific immunity against undesirable genetic elements, and enhancing viral resistance in domesticated microbes.

scholarly journals The influence of chemical environmental factors on functions and interrelationships of regulatory systems in children

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry V. Lanin ◽  
T. M. Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Neuroendocrine Regulation ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Regulatory Systems ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

In children under aerotechnogenic impact of phenol, methanol and formaldehyde, these substances are identified in the blood in significantly higher concentrations than in the unexposed group. There was found the activation of the mechanisms of the innate immunity (phagocytic activity) and inhibition of markers of the acquired immunity (reduction of relative indices of the content of T-lymphocytes (CD3+) and their subsets (CD4+- and CD8+-lymphocytes). Out of the markers of neuroendocrine regulation there was proved the significant decline of cortisol. Under the impact of anthropogenic chemical environmental factors there are occurred rearrangement and the transformation of interactions within the neuroendocrine and immune systems, as well as “early”, not manifested yet in the nature of specific nosological forms, but over time having the possibility to lead to the shaping of various pathology changes in the neuroendocrine regulation of the immune system.

scholarly journals Disruption, Self-Presentation, and Defensive Tactics at the Threshold of Learning

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Individual Experience ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Opportunities For Learning ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Disruptive experiences are opportunities for learning, yet, people often resist them. This tendency is evident in individual experience, organizational behavior, and denialist discourses. Research has been hampered by conceptualizing this defensiveness in terms of unconscious defense mechanisms or underlying cognitive processes. In contrast, I conceptualize defensiveness in terms of observable defensive tactics, namely, the actions and utterances that are used to resist disruptive meanings. I introduce the analogy of the semantic immune system to conceptualize three layers of defensive tactics: avoiding, delegitimizing, and limiting the impact of disruptive meanings. Defensive tactics are cultural–historical creations that, like the immune system, have adapted over time to neutralize disruptive meanings. I use this tripartite conceptualization to review the fragmented literature on defensive tactics. The observability of these tactics gives centrality to the audience who either calls out or does not call out the use of defensive tactics—questioning or implicitly supporting the legitimacy of the defended views. The vigilance of the audience pushes the tactics toward increasingly subtle forms that seek to pass undetected. Reconceptualizing defensiveness in terms of observable tactics reveals the importance of the audience and opens these tactics up to empirical research, calling upon researchers to identify the increasingly subtle ways in which learning through dialogue is inhibited.

scholarly journals Role of Zinc in Immune System and Anti-Cancer Defense Mechanisms

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorota Skrajnowska ◽  
Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Zinc Content ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Enzyme Activation ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Risk Of Cancer

The human body cannot store zinc reserves, so a deficiency can arise relatively quickly, e.g., through an improper diet. Severe zinc deficiency is rare, but mild deficiencies are common around the world. Many epidemiological studies have shown a relationship between the zinc content in the diet and the risk of cancer. The anti-cancer effect of zinc is most often associated with its antioxidant properties. However, this is just one of many possibilities, including the influence of zinc on the immune system, transcription factors, cell differentiation and proliferation, DNA and RNA synthesis and repair, enzyme activation or inhibition, the regulation of cellular signaling, and the stabilization of the cell structure and membranes. This study presents selected issues regarding the current knowledge of anti-cancer mechanisms involving this element.

A nucleic acid nanogel dually bears siRNA and CpG motifs for synergistic tumor immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiushuang Zhang ◽  
Yuanyuan Guo ◽  
Lijuan Zhu ◽  
Xinlong Liu ◽  
Jiapei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Tumor Progression ◽  
Tumor Immunotherapy ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Cpg Motifs ◽  
Promising Strategy ◽  
Cpg Oligonucleotides ◽  
Immune Stimulants

Immune system plays a key role in restraining the tumor progression. Therefore, enhancing immune functions using immune stimulants, such as unmethylated CpG oligonucleotides, have emerged as a promising strategy for...

scholarly journals Dynamic changes in practical inflammation and immunity markers in cancer patients receiving immune-enhancing nutritional supplementation during concurrent chemoradiotherapy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Nontiya Homkham ◽  
Pooriwat Muangwong ◽  
Veeradej Pisprasert ◽  
Patrinee Traisathit ◽  
Rungarun Jiratrachu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head And Neck Cancer ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy ◽  
Absolute Lymphocyte Count ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Cancer Therapies ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Regular Diet ◽  
Over Time

BACKGROUND: Immune-enhancing nutrition (IMN) strengthens the systematic inflammatory response and the immune system. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) are affected during cancer therapies. OBJECTIVE: We carried out an analysis of the dynamic changes in NLR and ALC over time in cancer patients with or without IMN supplementation. METHODS: 88 cancer patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) were randomized into regular diet group, and regular diet and IMN group.Generalized estimation equation models were used to assess associations between patient’s characteristics, IMN, and dynamic changes in NLR and ALC over time. RESULTS: NLR and ALC at preCCRT were significantly associated with dynamic changes in NLR (adjusted β= 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.64–1.52) and ALC (adjusted β= 0.41, 95% CI: 0.36–0.46). The magnitudes of the NLR and ALC changes through CCRT were lower in patients receiving IMN, although the differences were not statistically significant except ALC at the end of CCRT in head and neck cancer patients (P= 0.023). CONCLUSION: Dynamic negative changes in both markers were demonstrated throughout CCRT. There were non-significant trend in promising changes in both NLR and ALC values in the whole group in IMN supplementation.

scholarly journals Trends in the Prevalence of Dementia in Japan

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroko H. Dodge ◽  
Teresa J. Buracchio ◽  
Gwenith G. Fisher ◽  
Yutaka Kiyohara ◽  
Kenichi Meguro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Large Population ◽  
National Level ◽  
Population Attributable Risk ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Regional Variability ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Dementia Prevalence ◽  
Over Time

There is a paucity of data regarding trends in dementia and its subtype prevalence in Japan. Our aims in the current paper are to: (1) summarize epidemiological studies of dementia in Japan including relevant details of study protocol and diagnostic criteria, (2) compare the age-specific prevalence of all-cause dementia among studies, and (3) assess the trends in Alzheimer's disease (AD) versus vascular dementia (VaD) over time. We reviewed diagnostic criteria, all-cause dementia prevalence, and the AD/VaD ratio from 8 large population studies of dementia in Japan. Compared with the Okinawa 1992 study, studies conducted in 1994, 1998, 2005, and 2008 had a higher prevalence of all-cause dementia using Poisson regression models, after controlling for age and sex. In contrast to the US and some European countries, all-cause dementia prevalence is increasing in Japan. The prevalence of AD as opposed to VaD seems to be increasing over time, but large variability in diagnostic criteria, possible regional variability, and differences in prevalence of subtypes of dementia between men and women make it difficult to draw a conclusion about this trend at the national level. Further studies, for example, comparing the population attributable risk of vascular diseases to the prevalence and incidence of dementia could help to clarify the regional variations in etiological subtypes.

scholarly journals Programming Native CRISPR Arrays for the Generation of Targeted Immunity

mBio ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander P. Hynes ◽  
Simon J. Labrie ◽  
Sylvain Moineau
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Natural Process ◽  
The Public ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Industrial Settings

ABSTRACT The adaptive immune system of prokaryotes, called CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated genes), results in specific cleavage of invading nucleic acid sequences recognized by the cell’s “memory” of past encounters. Here, we exploited the properties of native CRISPR-Cas systems to program the natural “memorization” process, efficiently generating immunity not only to a bacteriophage or plasmid but to any specifically chosen DNA sequence. IMPORTANCE CRISPR-Cas systems have entered the public consciousness as genome editing tools due to their readily programmable nature. In industrial settings, natural CRISPR-Cas immunity is already exploited to generate strains resistant to potentially disruptive viruses. However, the natural process by which bacteria acquire new target specificities (adaptation) is difficult to study and manipulate. The target against which immunity is conferred is selected stochastically. By biasing the immunization process, we offer a means to generate customized immunity, as well as provide a new tool to study adaptation.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AGE-DEPENDENT CHANGES IN THE URINE'S PROTEOM COMPOSITION OF THE HEALTHY PERSONS (EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY)

2020 ◽  
pp. 735-740
Author(s):  
Л. Х. Пастушкова ◽  
Д. Н. Каширина ◽  
А. Г. Гончарова ◽  
Н. Б. Захарова ◽  
Е. С. Тийс ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
First Time ◽  
Healthy Persons ◽  
Over Time

Впервые описаны белки, достоверно увеличивающиеся и уменьшающиеся в моче с возрастом в интервале 20-60 лет. Охарактеризованы комбинации белков, связанных с изменением иммунных процессов, нарушением реологии крови, в том числе риском коагулопатии, противоопухолевых защитных механизмов, инсулинового сигнального пути, с изменением характеристик клеточного деления и качества новообразованной ткани. Таким образом, возрастная динамика основных процессов запускает каскад реакций, проявляющихся в замыкании «патологических биохимических кругов», которые формируют предпосылки к развитию заболеваний и, с течением времени, клинические проявления. For the first time proteins are described, reliably increasing and decreasing in urine with age in the range of 20 to 60 years. The combinations of proteins associated with changes in immune processes, violation of blood reology, including the risk of coagulopathy, anticancer defense mechanisms, insulin signaling pathway, changes in cell characteristics are characterized division and quality of the newly formed fabric. Thus, the age dynamics of the main processes triggers a cascade of reactions manifested in the closure of «pathological biochemical circles» that form the prerequisites for the development of diseases and, over time, clinical manifestations.

scholarly journals Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Variety over Time Is Associated with Lower 15-Year Healthcare Costs: Results from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2829
Author(s):  
Jennifer N. Baldwin ◽  
Lee M. Ashton ◽  
Peta M. Forder ◽  
Rebecca L. Haslam ◽  
Alexis J. Hure ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Women’S Health ◽  
Women's Health ◽  
Healthcare Costs ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Healthy Weight ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Australian Longitudinal Study ◽  
Point Increase ◽  
Over Time

Healthcare costs are lower for adults who consume more vegetables; however, the association between healthcare costs and fruit and vegetable varieties is unclear. Our aim was to investigate the association between (i) baseline fruit and vegetable (F&V) varieties, and (ii) changes in F&V varieties over time with 15-year healthcare costs in an Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health. The data for Survey 3 (n = 8833 women, aged 50–55 years) and Survey 7 (n = 6955, aged 62–67 years) of the 1946–1951 cohort were used. The F&V variety was assessed using the Fruit and Vegetable Variety (FAVVA) index calculated from the Cancer Council of Victoria’s Dietary Questionnaire for Epidemiological Studies food frequency questionnaire. The baseline FAVVA and change in FAVVA were analysed as continuous predictors of Medicare claims/costs by using multiple regression analyses. Healthy weight women made, on average, 4.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7–6.8) fewer claims for every 10-point-higher FAVVA. Healthy weight women with higher fruit varieties incurred fewer charges; however, this was reversed for women overweight/obese. Across the sample, for every 10-point increase in FAVVA over time, women made 4.3 (95% CI 1.9–6.8) fewer claims and incurred $309.1 (95% CI $129.3–488.8) less in charges over 15 years. A higher F&V variety is associated with a small reduction in healthcare claims for healthy weight women only. An increasing F&V variety over time is associated with lower healthcare costs.

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