Supraependymal cells of hypothalamic third ventricle: identification as resident phagocytes of the brain

Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 189 (4199) ◽  
pp. 299-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Bleier ◽  
R Albrecht ◽  
J. Cruce
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Supraependymal Cells ◽  
The Brain

Experimental Third Ventriculostomy Performed Using Endovascular Surgical Techniques and Their Adaptation to Percutaneous Intradural Neuronavigation: Proof of Concept Cadaver Study

Neurosurgery ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Horowitz ◽  
Kamal Ramzipoor ◽  
Ajit Nair ◽  
Susan Miller ◽  
George Rappard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Surgical Techniques ◽  
Cadaver Study ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Third Ventriculostomy ◽  
General Anesthetic ◽  
The Third ◽  
Noncommunicating Hydrocephalus ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Brain

Abstract OBJECTIVE Endoscopic third ventriculostomy has developed into a therapeutic alternative to shunting for the management of carefully selected patients with primarily noncommunicating hydrocephalus. This procedure, however, requires a general anesthetic and necessitates violation of the brain parenchyma and manipulation near vital neural structures to access the floor of the third ventricle. Using two cadavers and off-the-shelf angiographic catheters, we sought to determine whether it was possible to navigate a catheter, angioplasty balloon, and stent percutaneously through the subarachnoid space from the thecal sac into the third ventricle so as to perform a third ventriculostomy from below. METHODS Using biplane angiography and off-the-shelf angiographic catheters along with angioplasty balloons and stents, we were able to pass a stent coaxially from the thecal sac to and across the floor of the third ventricle so as to achieve a third ventriculostomy from below. RESULTS Coaxial catheter techniques allowed for the percutaneous insertion of a stent across the floor of the third ventricle. Ventriculostomy was confirmed by injecting contrast medium into the lateral ventricle and seeing it pass through the stent and into the chiasmatic cistern. CONCLUSION We describe the performance of third ventriculostomies in two cadavers by use of the new concept of percutaneous intradural neuronavigation. This procedure may obviate the need for general anesthetic and minimize the potential for brain and vascular injury, especially if ultimately combined with magnetic resonance fluoroscopy.

General concepts of hypothalamus-pituitary anatomy

2011 ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Ignacio Bernabeu ◽  
Monica Marazuela ◽  
Felipe F. Casanueva
Keyword(s):  
Median Eminence ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Optic Chiasm ◽  
Perivascular Space ◽  
Ependymal Cells ◽  
The Third ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Central Grey Matter ◽  
Imaginary Line ◽  
The Brain

The hypothalamus is the part of the diencephalon associated with visceral, autonomic, endocrine, affective, and emotional behaviour. It lies in the walls of the third ventricle, separated from the thalamus by the hypothalamic sulcus. The rostral boundary of the hypothalamus is roughly defined as a line through the optic chiasm, lamina terminalis, and anterior commissure, and an imaginary line extending from the posterior commissure to the caudal limit of the mamillary body represents the caudal boundary. Externally, the hypothalamus is bounded rostrally by the optic chiasm, laterally by the optic tract, and posteriorly by the mamillary bodies. Dorsolaterally, the hypothalamus extends to the medial edge of the internal capsule (Fig. 2.1.1) (1). The complicated anatomy of this area of the central nervous system (CNS) is the reason why, for a long time, little was known about its anatomical organization and functional significance. Even though the anatomy of the hypothalamus is well established it does not form a well-circumscribed region. On the contrary, it is continuous with the surrounding parts of the CNS: rostrally, with the septal area of the telencephalon and anterior perforating substance; anterolaterally with the substantia innominata; and caudally with the central grey matter and the tegmentum of the mesencephalon. The ventral portion of the hypothalamus and the third ventricular recess form the infundibulum, which represents the most proximal part of the neurohypophysis. A bulging region posterior to the infundibulum is the tuber cinereum, and the zone that forms the floor of the third ventricle is called the median eminence. The median eminence represents the final point of convergence of pathways from the CNS on the peripheral endocrine system and it is supplied by primary capillaries of the hypophyseal portal vessels. The median eminence is the anatomical interface between the brain and the anterior pituitary. Ependymal cells lining the floor of the third ventricle have processes that traverse the width of the median eminence and terminate near the portal perivascular space; these cells, called tanycytes, provide a structural and functional link between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the perivascular space of the pituitary portal vessels. The conspicuous landmarks of the ventral surface of the brain can be used to divide the hypothalamus into three parts: anterior (preoptic and supraoptic regions), middle (tuberal region), and caudal (mamillary region). Each half of the hypothalamus is also divided into a medial and lateral zone. The medial zone contains the so-called cell-rich areas with well-defined nuclei. The scattered cells of the lateral hypothalamic area have long overlapping dendrites, similar to the cells of the reticular formation. Some of these neurons send axons directly to the cerebral cortex and others project down into the brainstem and spinal cord.

Surgical management of pineal region lesions

2019 ◽  
pp. 439-446
Author(s):  
Christoph M. Woernle ◽  
René L. Bernays ◽  
Nicolas de Tribolet
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Pineal Region ◽  
Cerebral Veins ◽  
Internal Cerebral Veins ◽  
Supracerebellar Infratentorial Approach ◽  
Occipital Transtentorial Approach ◽  
Basal Vein Of Rosenthal ◽  
Third Ventricle Tumours ◽  
Quadrigeminal Plate ◽  
The Brain

Lesions in the pineal region are topographically located in the centre of the brain in the diencephalic-epithalamic region. An area where the brain is bounded ventrally by the quadrigeminal plate, midbrain tectum, and in-between the left and right superior colliculi, dorsally by the splenium of the corpus callosum, caudally by the cerebellar vermis and rostrally by the posterior aspects of the third ventricle. Major anatomical and surgical challenges are the vein of Galen located dorsally, the precentral cerebellar vein caudally, the internal cerebral veins anteriorly and the basal vein of Rosenthal laterally. Most pineal region tumours can be safely removed by both approaches depending on the surgeon’s experience: the occipital transtentorial approach is recommended in presence of associated hydrocephalus or a steep straight sinus and low location of the tumour and the supracerebellar infratentorial approach for posterior third ventricle tumours.

scholarly journals Cilia-driven flows in the brain third ventricle

2019 ◽  
Vol 375 (1792) ◽  
pp. 20190154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Eichele ◽  
Eberhard Bodenschatz ◽  
Zuzana Ditte ◽  
Ann-Kathrin Günther ◽  
Shoba Kapoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Ventricular Wall ◽  
Brain Ventricles ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Signalling Molecules ◽  
The Third ◽  
Directional Transport ◽  
The Brain

The brain ventricles are interconnected, elaborate cavities that traverse the brain. They are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that is, to a large part, produced by the choroid plexus, a secretory epithelium that reaches into the ventricles. CSF is rich in cytokines, growth factors and extracellular vesicles that glide along the walls of ventricles, powered by bundles of motile cilia that coat the ventricular wall. We review the cellular and biochemical properties of the ventral part of the third ventricle that is surrounded by the hypothalamus. In particular, we consider the recently discovered intricate network of cilia-driven flows that characterize this ventricle and discuss the potential physiological significance of this flow for the directional transport of CSF signals to cellular targets located either within the third ventricle or in the adjacent hypothalamic brain parenchyma. Cilia-driven streams of signalling molecules offer an exciting perspective on how fluid-borne signals are dynamically transmitted in the brain. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport’.

scholarly journals III. Contributions to the anatomy of the central nervous system in vertebrated animals. Part I.—Ichthyopsida. Section I.—Pisces. Subsection III.—Dipnoi. On the brain of the Ceratodus forsteri

1888 ◽  
Vol 43 (258-265) ◽  
pp. 420-423
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
The Third ◽  
Lateral Ventricles ◽  
Large Size ◽  
General Arrangement ◽  
Tela Choroidea ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The brain of Ceratodus has the following general arrangement:—The membrane which represents the pia mater is of great thickness and toughness; there are two regions where a tela choroidea is developed: one where it covers in the fourth ventricle, and the other where it penetrates through the third ventricle and separates the lateral ventricles from each other. The ventricles are all of large size, and the walls of the lateral ventricles are not completed by nervous tissue. The thalamence-phalon and the mesencephalon are narrow, and the medulla oblongata is wide.

Microsurgical anatomy of the posterior cerebral artery

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold A. Zeal ◽  
Albert L. Rhoton
Keyword(s):  
Choroid Plexus ◽  
Posterior Cerebral Artery ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
Temporal Artery ◽  
Microsurgical Anatomy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lateral Posterior ◽  
Calcarine Fissure ◽  
The Brain

✓ In order to define the microsurgical anatomy, 50 posterior cerebral arteries (PCA's) were examined using × 3 to × 40 magnification. The PC A was divided into four segments: Pt was the segment proximal to the posterior communicating artery (PCoA); P2 extended from the PCoA to the posterior margin of the midbrain and was subdivided into an equal anterior (P2A) and posterior (P2P) half; P3 began at the posterior midbrain, ran within the quadrigeminal cistern, and ended at the anterior limit of the calcarine fissure. The PCA had three types of branches: 1) cortical branches to the cerebrum; 2) central branches to the brain stem; and 3) ventricular branches to the choroid plexus. The largest branches reaching the lateral surface of the cerebrum were located immediately anterior to the preoccipital notch, and in most cases were branches of the posterior temporal artery. This area offers a greater than 75% chance of finding a vessel large enough to perform a microvascular anastomosis. The central branches were of two types: 1) direct perforating, and 2) circumferential. The direct perforating branches arising on P1 were the posterior thalamoperforating arteries. The “thalamogeniculate artery,” the vessel said to be occluded in the “thalamic syndrome,” was also of the direct perforating type, but it was a series of small arteries arising from P2A and P2P rather than being a single vessel. The circumferential arteries usually arose from P1 and encircled the midbrain providing branches as far posteriorly as the colliculi. The branches to the choroid plexus were the medial and lateral posterior choroidal arteries; the former usually arose from P2A and entered the roof of the third ventricle, and the latter arose as a series of arteries from P2P and passed over the pulvinar to enter the lateral ventricle.

Organization of the Vascular Supply to the Brain of the Toad Bufo-Marinus

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
GK Snyder ◽  
B Gannon ◽  
RV Baudinette
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Ventricle ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Vascular Supply ◽  
Bufo Marinus ◽  
Cane Toad ◽  
The Third ◽  
Toad Bufo ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Caudal Rami ◽  
Vascular Corrosion Casts

The vasculature of the brain of the cane toad, Bufo marinus, was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. The sole arterial supply to the brain is from branches of the internal carotids. The forebrain is supplied by several branches from the rostra1 ramus of the carotids; the caudal ramus gives rise to a single branch which supplies the mesencephalon and cerebellum. The caudal rami fuse to form a single basilar artery which supplies the medulla. The vascular supply to the choroid plexus of the third ventricle is arterial; the vascular supply to the choroid of the fourth ventricle is entirely venous. Microvascular geometry in the toad brain is specific to the region of the brain examined, ranging from simple long capillaries with few anastomotic connections to much shorter, highly convoluted capillaries with many anastomotic connections.

scholarly journals STUDIES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL DYSENTERY INTOXICATION

1960 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Penner ◽  
Alice Ida Bernheim
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Dosage Level ◽  
Ventricular System ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

The introduction of Shiga toxin into the ventricular system of the brain with major location in the third ventricle resulted in a response similar to that following the administration of the toxin either intravenously or by cross-circulation. The intravenous administration at the dosage level employed would have elicited no response. These observations lend support to the hypothesis that Shiga toxin activates some mechanisms in the central nervous system which are capable of producing visceral lesions. These mechanisms are those which control the vasomotor components of homeostasis. This hypothesis permits an explanation of the proximo-distal and intramural features of the lesion.

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