Selection on Gamete Recognition Proteins Depends on Sex, Density, and Genotype Frequency

Science ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 312 (5771) ◽  
pp. 267-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Levitan
Keyword(s):  
Genotype Frequency ◽  
Gamete Recognition ◽  
Gamete Recognition Proteins

scholarly journals Evolution of Gamete Recognition Proteins

1998 ◽  
Vol 281 (5385) ◽  
pp. 1995-1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. Vacquier
Keyword(s):  
Gamete Recognition ◽  
Gamete Recognition Proteins

scholarly journals The Molecular Mechanisms of Gametic Incompatibility in Invertebrates

Acta Naturae ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Lobov ◽  
A. L. Maltseva ◽  
N. A. Mikhailova ◽  
A. I. Granovitch
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Animal Evolution ◽  
Gamete Recognition ◽  
Receptor Recognition ◽  
Gamete Interactions ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Gamete Recognition Proteins

Fertilization (gamete fusion followed by zygote formation) is a multistage process. Each stage is mediated by ligand-receptor recognition of gamete interaction molecules. This recognition includes the movement of sperm in the gradient of egg chemoattractants, destruction of the egg envelope by acrosomal proteins, etc. Gametic incompatibility is one of the mechanisms of reproductive isolation. It is based on species-specific molecular interactions that prevent heterospecific fertilization. Although gametic incompatibility may occur in any sexually reproducing organism, it has been studied only in a few model species. Gamete interactions in different taxa involve generally similar processes, but they often employ non-homologous molecules. Gamete recognition proteins evolve rapidly, like immunity proteins, and include many taxon-specific families. In fact, recently appeared proteins particularly contribute to reproductive isolation via gametic incompatibility. Thus, we can assume a multiple, independent origin of this type of reproductive isolation throughout animal evolution. Gametic incompatibility can be achieved at any fertilization stage and entails different consequences at different taxonomic levels and ranges, from complete incompatibility between closely related species to partial incompatibility between distantly related taxa.

scholarly journals Hybridization and pre-zygotic reproductive barriers in Plasmodium

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1806) ◽  
pp. 20143027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo S. Ramiro ◽  
Shahid M. Khan ◽  
Blandine Franke-Fayard ◽  
Chris J. Janse ◽  
Darren J. Obbard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Reproductive Barriers ◽  
Mixed Species ◽  
Rodent Malaria ◽  
Gamete Recognition ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Parasite Populations ◽  
Gamete Recognition Proteins

Sexual reproduction is an obligate step in the life cycle of many parasites, including the causative agents of malaria ( Plasmodium ). Mixed-species infections are common in nature and consequently, interactions between heterospecific gametes occur. Given the importance of managing gene flow across parasite populations, remarkably little is understood about how reproductive isolation between species is maintained. We use the rodent malaria parasites P. berghei and P. yoelii to investigate the ecology of mixed-species mating groups, identify proteins involved in pre-zygotic barriers, and examine their evolution. Specifically, we show that (i) hybridization occurs, but at low frequency; (ii) hybridization reaches high levels when female gametes lack the surface proteins P230 or P48/45, demonstrating that these proteins are key for pre-zygotic reproductive isolation; (iii) asymmetric reproductive interference occurs, where the fertility of P. berghei gametes is reduced in the presence of P. yoelii and (iv) as expected for gamete recognition proteins, strong positive selection acts on a region of P230 and P47 (P48/45 paralogue). P230 and P48/45 are leading candidates for interventions to block malaria transmission. Our results suggest that depending on the viability of hybrids, applying such interventions to populations where mixed-species infections occur could either facilitate or hinder malaria control.

scholarly journals Adaptive Evolution of Gamete-Recognition Proteins in Birds

2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 488-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Berlin ◽  
Lujiang Qu ◽  
Hans Ellegren
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Gamete Recognition ◽  
Gamete Recognition Proteins

scholarly journals Distributive characteristics of the CYP2C9 and AGTR1 genetic polymorphisms in Han Chinese hypertensive patients: a retrospective study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keping Chen ◽  
Peng Xiao ◽  
Guochun Li ◽  
Chunling Wang ◽  
Chuankun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Polymorphisms ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Gene Chip ◽  
Han Chinese ◽  
Genotype Frequency ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Angiotensin Ii Receptor ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Combined Genotypes

Abstract Background There is an individual variation in response to antihypertensive effect of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist. This study aimed to determine the allele and genotype frequencies of CYP2C9 and AGTR1 genetic polymorphisms and explore the potential role of these polymorphisms in guiding the selection of angiotensinIIreceptor antagonist in Han Chinese hypertensive patients. Methods Totally 2419 Han Chinese hypertensive patients and 126 normotensive controls were recruited in this study. Venous blood samples were collected from each patient, and the genetic polymorphisms of CYP2C9 and AGTR1 were assessed using a gene chip platform. The allele and genotype frequency of each gene and the combined genotypes in this study were analyzed respectively. Results The gene chip analysis identified an allelic frequency of 96.51% for CYP2C9*1 and 3.49% for CYP2C9*3 in the cohort of Han Chinese hypertensive patients. Statistical analysis showed that the frequency of wild-type homozygous for CYP2C9*1/*1 was 93.30%, while the frequency of heterozygous for *1/*3 or mutant homozygous for *3/*3 was 6.41% or 0.29%. Meanwhile, we detected allelic frequencies of 95.06% and 4.94% for the A and C allele of AGTR1, respectively. While the genotype frequency of wild-type homozygous for AA was 90.41%, the frequency of heterozygous for AC or mutant homozygous for CC was 9.30% or 0.29%. Notably, we observed that 84.66% (2048/2419) of the subjects exhibited a combined genotype of CYP2C9 and AGTR1 as *1/*1 + AA, while the combined genotypes *3/*3 + AC or *3/*3 + CC were not detected in hypertension patients. Besides, no significant association was found between normotensive controls and hypertensive patients, or among the three grades of hypertensive patients. Conclusions These data revealed the polymorphisms characteristics of CYP2C9 and AGTR1 in Han Chinese hypertensive patients, providing valuable information for genotype-based antihypertension therapy in prospective clinical studies in the future.

scholarly journals sxtA4+ and sxtA4- Genotypes Occur Together within Natural Pyrodinium bahamense Sub-Populations from the Western Atlantic

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1128
Author(s):  
Kathleen Cusick ◽  
Gabriel Duran
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Harmful Algal Bloom ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Indian River Lagoon ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Genotype Frequency ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Western Atlantic ◽  
Pyrodinium Bahamense

Saxitoxin (STX) is a secondary metabolite and potent neurotoxin produced by several genera of harmful algal bloom (HAB) marine dinoflagellates. The basis for variability in STX production within natural bloom populations is undefined as both toxic and non-toxic strains (of the same species) have been isolated from the same geographic locations. Pyrodinium bahamense is a STX-producing bioluminescent dinoflagellate that blooms along the east coast of Florida as well as the bioluminescent bays in Puerto Rico (PR), though no toxicity reports exist for PR populations. The core genes in the dinoflagellate STX biosynthetic pathway have been identified, and the sxtA4 gene is essential for toxin production. Using sxtA4 as a molecular proxy for the genetic capacity of STX production, we examined sxtA4+ and sxtA4- genotype frequency at the single cell level in P. bahamense populations from different locations in the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), FL, and Mosquito Bay (MB), a bioluminescent bay in PR. Multiplex PCR was performed on individual cells with Pyrodinium-specific primers targeting the 18S rRNA gene and sxtA4. The results reveal that within discrete natural populations of P. bahamense, both sxtA4+ and sxtA4- genotypes occur, and the sxtA4+ genotype dominates. In the IRL, the frequency of the sxtA4+ genotype ranged from ca. 80–100%. In MB, sxtA4+ genotype frequency ranged from ca 40–66%. To assess the extent of sxtA4 variation within individual cells, sxtA4 amplicons from single cells representative of the different sampling sites were cloned and sequenced. Overall, two variants were consistently obtained, one of which is likely a pseudogene based on alignment with cDNA sequences. These are the first data demonstrating the existence of both genotypes in natural P. bahamense sub-populations, as well as sxtA4 presence in P. bahamense from PR. These results provide insights on underlying genetic factors influencing the potential for toxin variability among natural sub-populations of HAB species and highlight the need to study the genetic diversity within HAB sub-populations at a fine level in order to identify the molecular mechanisms driving HAB evolution.

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