Multiple representations of the body within the primary somatosensory cortex of primates

Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 204 (4392) ◽  
pp. 521-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Kaas ◽  
R. Nelson ◽  
M Sur ◽  
C. Lin ◽  
M. Merzenich
Keyword(s):  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Multiple Representations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Somatosensory Cortex

scholarly journals Somatotopic Arrangement of the Human Primary Somatosensory Cortex Derived From Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Willoughby ◽  
Kristina Thoenes ◽  
Mark Bolding
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to estimate neuronal activity in the primary somatosensory cortex of six participants undergoing cutaneous tactile stimulation on skin areas spread across the entire body. Differences between the accepted somatotopic maps derived from Penfield's work and those generated by this fMRI study were sought, including representational transpositions or replications across the cortex. MR-safe pneumatic devices mimicking the action of a Wartenberg wheel supplied touch stimuli in eight areas. Seven were on the left side of the body: foot, lower, and upper leg, trunk beneath ribcage, anterior forearm, middle fingertip, and neck above the collarbone. The eighth area was the glabella. Activation magnitude was estimated as the maximum cross-correlation coefficient at a certain phase shift between ideal time series and measured blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) time courses on the cortical surface. Maximally correlated clusters associated with each cutaneous area were calculated, and cortical magnification factors were estimated. Activity correlated to lower limb stimulation was observed in the paracentral lobule and superomedial postcentral region. Correlations to upper extremity stimulation were observed in the postcentral area adjacent to the motor hand knob. Activity correlated to trunk, face and neck stimulation was localized in the superomedial one-third of the postcentral region, which differed from Penfield's cortical homunculus.

Limits on plasticity in somatosensory cortex of adult rats: hindlimb cortex is not reactivated after dorsal column section

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1537-1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Jain ◽  
S. L. Florence ◽  
J. H. Kaas
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Dorsal Column ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Cholera Toxin B Subunit ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Dorsal Funiculus ◽  
Nucleus Gracilis

1. To better understand the limits and extents of plasticity in sensory systems of adult mammals, we unilaterally sectioned the dorsal funiculus at thoracic levels in nine adult rats to deactivate ascending afferents from the hindpaw and lower body. After postsurgical recovery periods of 3 h to 3 mo, the region of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) representing the limbs and trunk was extensively mapped with microelectrodes. 2. Recording sites were later identified as being within the hindlimb representation and other parts of S1 by relating locations of microlesions to the cytochrome oxidase pattern in sections of cortex cut tangential to the pial surface. The extent and effectiveness of spinal cord lesions were evaluated by injecting cholera toxin B subunit conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (B-HRP) at various sites in the deafferented hindpaw. 3. In five animals with complete section of the dorsal funiculus, we failed to detect any response to cutaneous stimulation of any part of the body in the deafferented hindlimb cortex. In four other animals with incomplete lesions, neurons in some penetrations could be activated by hindlimb stimulation, but not by stimulating other body parts. In those cases without activation of hindlimb cortex, B-HRP was detected in the spinal cord only caudal to the lesion, and it was not transported to the nucleus gracilis. Limited transport past the lesion to nucleus gracilis was detected in cases with incomplete lesions. 4. The results indicate that forelimb inputs do not substitute for missing hindlimb inputs in primary somatosensory cortex in rats and that the potential for somatotopic reorganization is more limited than previously thought.

Vision of the body modulates processing in primary somatosensory cortex

2011 ◽  
Vol 489 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Longo ◽  
Simone Pernigo ◽  
Patrick Haggard
Keyword(s):  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Somatosensory Cortex

scholarly journals Attenuation of sensory processing in the primary somatosensory cortex during rubber hand illusion

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanori Sakamoto ◽  
Hirotoshi Ifuku
Keyword(s):  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Primary Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Somatosensory Processing ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe neural representation of the body is easily altered by the integration of multiple sensory signals in the brain. The “rubber hand illusion” (RHI) is one of the most popular experimental paradigms to investigate this phenomenon. During this illusion, a feeling of ownership of the rubber hand is created. Some studies have shown that somatosensory processing in the brain is attenuated when RHI occurs. However, it is unknown where attenuation of somatosensory processing occurs. Here, we show that somatosensory processing is attenuated in the primary somatosensory cortex. We found that the earliest response of somatosensory evoked potentials, which is thought to originate from the primary somatosensory cortex, was attenuated during RHI. Furthermore, this attenuation was observed before the occurrence of the illusion. Our results suggest that attenuation of sensory processing in the primary somatosensory cortex is one of the factors influencing the occurrence of the RHI.

Organization of primary somatosensory cortex in the cat

1980 ◽  
Vol 43 (6) ◽  
pp. 1527-1546 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Dykes ◽  
D. D. Rasmusson ◽  
P. B. Hoeltzell
Keyword(s):  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Abrupt Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Caudal Portion ◽  
Area 3A ◽  
Rostral Portion ◽  
Cytoarchitectonic Areas ◽  
Area 3B ◽  
Made In

1. Multi-unit recordings were made from SI cortex of barbiturte-anesthetized cats. In four cats, multiple vertical penetrations were made at closely spaced intervals. In 12 cats, long surface-parallel penetrations were made in the rostrocaudal or the lateromedial directions with observations taken every 100 micron. 2. Evidence is presented suggesting that cytoarchitectonic area 3a receives input from deep receptors and area 3b receives input from cutaneous receptors. 3. Within area 3b there was an abrupt change in submodality such that the rostral portion of 3b was activated by slowly adapting (SA) afferents, while the caudal portion was activated by rapidly adapting (RA) afferents. 4. The change in modality from deep to cutaneous occurred at the 3a/3b border, but the change in submodality occurred within area 3b and there was no obvious anatomical correlate of the latter transition. 5. These data suggest that there are modality- and submodality-specific bands in register with the bands of cytoarchitecture that extend across the mediolateral dimension of primary somatosensory cortex (SI). 6. A particular receptor population (or populations) from all regions of the body delivers information to each functionally specific band--one map is found in area 3a and two are in area 3b. If this pattern holds for the rest of cat SI, then there must be additional maps of the body in cytoarchitectonic areas 1 and 2.

scholarly journals Cortical closed-loop brain-machine interface requires biomimetic sensory feedback

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Abbasi ◽  
L. Estebanez ◽  
D. Goueytes ◽  
H. Lassagne ◽  
D. E. Shulz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Fine Motor ◽  
Brain Machine Interface ◽  
Motor Circuits ◽  
Machine Interface ◽  
The Rich

SummaryNew and improved neuroprosthetics offer great hope for motor-impaired human patients to regain autonomy. One obstacle facing current technologies is that fine motor control requires near-instantaneous somatosensory feedback. The way forward is to artificially recreate the rich, distributed feedback generated by natural movements. Here, we hypothesize that incoming sensory feedback needs to follow biomimetic rules in order to be efficiently integrated by motor circuits. We have developed a rodent closed-loop brain-machine interface where head-fixed mice were trained to control a virtual cursor by modulating the activity of motor cortex neurons. Artificial feedback consisting of precise optogenetic stimulation patterns in the primary somatosensory cortex coupled to the motor cortical activity was provided online to the animal. We found that learning occurred only when the feedback had a topographically biomimetic structure. Shuffling the spatiotemporal organization of the feedback prevented learning the task. These results suggest that the patterns of inputs that are structured by the body map present in the primary somatosensory cortex of all mammals are essential for sensorimotor processing and constitute a backbone that needs to be considered when optimizing artificial sensory feedback for fine neuroprosthetic control.

Attenuated Input to the Primary Somatosensory Cortex is Associated with the Occurrence of Rubber Hand Illusion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanori Sakamoto ◽  
Hirotoshi Ifuku
Keyword(s):  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Early Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Primary Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Somatosensory Processing ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Somatosensory Input ◽  
The Brain

Abstract The neural representation of the body is easily altered by the integration of multiple sensory signals in the brain. The “rubber hand illusion” (RHI) is one of the most popular experimental paradigms to investigate this phenomenon. During this illusion, ownership of the rubber hand is created. Some studies have shown that somatosensory processing in the brain is attenuated when RHI occurs. However, it is unknown where attenuation of somatosensory inputs occurs. Here, we show that somatosensory input from the hand is attenuated at the primary somatosensory cortex. We found that the early response of somatosensory evoked potential, which is thought to originate from the primary somatosensory cortex, was attenuated during RHI. Furthermore, this attenuation was observed before the occurrence of the illusion. Our results suggest that attenuation of somatosensory inputs from the hand to the brain is one of the factors influencing the occurrence of the RHI.

scholarly journals Bayesian population receptive field modeling in human somatosensory cortex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Puckett ◽  
Saskia Bollmann ◽  
Keerat Junday ◽  
Markus Barth ◽  
Ross Cunnington
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Vibrotactile Stimulation ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
The Brain

AbstractSomatosensation is fundamental to our ability to sense our body and interact with the world. Our body is continuously sampling the environment using a variety of receptors tuned to different features, and this information is routed up to primary somatosensory cortex. Strikingly, the spatial organization of the peripheral receptors in the body are well maintained, with the resulting representation of the body in the brain being referred to as the somatosensory homunculus. Recent years have seen considerable advancements in the field of high-resolution fMRI, which have enabled an increasingly detailed examination of the organization and properties of this homunculus. Here we combined advanced imaging techniques at ultra-high field (7T) with a recently developed Bayesian population receptive field (pRF) modeling framework to examine pRF properties in primary somatosensory cortex. In each subject, vibrotactile stimulation of the fingertips (i.e., the peripheral mechanoreceptors) modulated the fMRI response along the post-central gyrus and these signals were used to estimate pRFs. We found the pRF center location estimates to be in accord with previous work as well as evidence of other properties in line with the underlying neurobiology. Specifically, as expected from the known properties of cortical magnification, we find a larger representation of the index finger compared to the other stimulated digits (middle, index, little). We also show evidence that the little finger is marked by the largest pRF sizes. The ability to estimate somatosensory pRFs in humans provides an unprecedented opportunity to examine the neural mechanisms underlying somatosensation and is critical for studying how the brain, body, and environment interact to inform perception and action.

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