scholarly journals Validation of antibodies: Lessons learned from the Common Fund Protein Capture Reagents Program

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (46) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ananda L. Roy ◽  
Elizabeth L. Wilder ◽  
James M. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Common Fund ◽  
Protein Capture ◽  
The Common

Policy coordination by major Western powers in bargaining with the Third World: debt relief and the Common Fund

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara B. Crane
Keyword(s):  
Attitude Change ◽  
National Policy ◽  
International Economic Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Debt Relief ◽  
West Germany ◽  
External Support ◽  
Common Fund ◽  
The Common

The governments of the five major Western powers—the United States, the United Kingdom, France, West Germany, and Japan—coordinated policy on two key North-South issues from 1974 to 1979: relieving the external debts of developing nations and establishing the Common Fund to help finance international commodity agreements. A prominent feature of the coordination process was the emergence of transgovernmental coalitions among like-minded bureaucrats. Previous studies have suggested that such coalitions may affect national policies by promoting learning and attitude change in their members and by legitimizing the policy changes sought by their members. But these suggestions do not account for the ability of coalitions to translate their policy preferences into national policy commitments, particularly where one or more of their members are relatively weak in their national policy-making systems. On the Common Fund and debt relief, some coalition members held positions in their national systems strong enough to induce their governments as a whole to commit themselves to certain concessions. Weaker members of these coalitions then gained the external support they needed to lead their own governments to make similar commitments, thus preparing the way for agreements with the developing countries and some incremental changes in the international economic order.

scholarly journals Current challenges for women in orthopaedics

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (10) ◽  
pp. 893-899
Author(s):  
Maryam Ahmed ◽  
Laura C. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Business Sector ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Diversity And Inclusion ◽  
The World ◽  
Female Surgeons ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Military

Orthopaedics has been left behind in the worldwide drive towards diversity and inclusion. In the UK, only 7% of orthopaedic consultants are female. There is growing evidence that diversity increases innovation as well as patient outcomes. This paper has reviewed the literature to identify some of the common issues affecting female surgeons in orthopaedics, and ways in which we can address them: there is a wealth of evidence documenting the differences in the journey of men and women towards a consultant role. We also look at lessons learned from research in the business sector and the military. The ‘Hidden Curriculum’ is out of date and needs to enter the 21st century: microaggressions in the workplace must be challenged; we need to consider more flexible training options and support trainees who wish to become pregnant; mentors, both male and female, are imperative to provide support for trainees. The world has changed, and we need to consider how we can improve diversity to stay relevant and effective. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2-10:893–899.

The Common Fund

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund Dell
Keyword(s):  
Common Fund ◽  
The Common

Modalities and Operational Elements of the Common Fund

1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 318-360
Author(s):  
D.N. Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Common Fund ◽  
The Common
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