scholarly journals Rapid mosaic brain evolution under artificial selection for relative telencephalon size in the guppy ( Poecilia reticulata )

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (46) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Fong ◽  
Björn Rogell ◽  
Mirjam Amcoff ◽  
Alexander Kotrschal ◽  
Wouter van der Bijl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Brain Evolution ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Mosaic Brain Evolution

scholarly journals Rapid mosaic brain evolution under artificial selection for relative telencephalon size in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Fong ◽  
Björn Rogell ◽  
Mirjam Amcoff ◽  
Alexander Kotrschal ◽  
Wouter van der Bijl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Brain Evolution ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
Vertebrate Brain ◽  
Offspring Production ◽  
Mosaic Brain Evolution

The vertebrate brain displays enormous morphological variation and the quest to understand the evolutionary causes and consequences of this variation has spurred much research. The mosaic brain evolution hypothesis, stating that brain regions can evolve relatively independently, is an important idea in this research field. Here we provide experimental support for this hypothesis through an artificial selection experiment in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). After four generations of selection on relative telencephalon volume (relative to brain size) in replicated up-selected, down-selected and control-lines, we found substantial changes in telencephalon size, but no changes in other regions. Comparisons revealed that up-selected lines had larger telencephalon while down-selected lines had smaller telencephalon than wild Trinidadian populations. No cost of increasing telencephalon size was detected in offspring production. Our results support that independent evolutionary changes in specific brain regions through mosaic brain evolution can be important facilitators of cognitive evolution.

Variation in Response to Artificial Selection for Light Sensitivity in Guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

2001 ◽  
Vol 158 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Endler ◽  
Alexandra Basolo ◽  
Stan Glowacki ◽  
Julianne Zerr
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Light Sensitivity ◽  
Selection For

scholarly journals Artificial mosaic brain evolution of relative telencephalon size improves cognitive performance in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zegni Triki ◽  
Stephanie Fong ◽  
Mirjam Amcoff ◽  
Niclas Kolm
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Brain Evolution ◽  
Cognitive Evolution ◽  
Transparent Barrier ◽  
Cognitive Benefits ◽  
Mosaic Brain Evolution ◽  
The Brain

The telencephalon is a brain region believed to have played an essential role during cognitive evolution in vertebrates. However, till now, all the evidence on the evolutionary association between telencephalon size and cognition stem from comparative studies. To experimentally investigate the potential evolutionary association between cognitive abilities and telencephalon size, we used male guppies artificially selected for large and small telencephalon relative to the rest of the brain. In a detour task, we tested a functionally important aspect of executive cognitive ability; inhibitory control abilities. We found that males with larger telencephalon outperformed males with smaller telencephalon. They showed faster improvement in performance during detour training and were more successful in reaching the food reward without touching the transparent barrier. Together, our findings provide the first experimental evidence showing that evolutionary enlargements of relative telencephalon size confer cognitive benefits, supporting an important role for mosaic brain evolution during cognitive evolution.

scholarly journals A Genome-Wide Scan for Evidence of Selection in a Maize Population Under Long-Term Artificial Selection for Ear Number

Genetics ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 196 (3) ◽  
pp. 829-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Beissinger ◽  
Candice N. Hirsch ◽  
Brieanne Vaillancourt ◽  
Shweta Deshpande ◽  
Kerrie Barry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Maize Population ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Ear Number ◽  
Genome Wide Scan

The relationship between facial whorl direction and sidedness in ridden horses

2006 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 247-250
Author(s):  
H. Randle ◽  
E. Elworthy
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Physical Ability ◽  
Facial Hair ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

The influence of Natural Selection on the evolution of the horse (Equus callabus) is minimal due to its close association with humans. Instead Artificial Selection is commonly imposed through selection for features such as a ‘breed standard’ or competitive ability. It has long been considered to be useful if indicators of characteristics such as physical ability could be identified. Kidd (1902) suggested that the hair coverings of animals were closely related to their lifestyle, whether they were active or passive. In 1973 Smith and Gong concluded that hair whorl (trichloglyph) pattern and human behaviour is linked since hair patterning is determined at the same time as the brain develops in the foetus. More recently Grandin et al. (1995), Randle (1998) and Lanier et al. (2001) linked features of facial hair whorls to behaviour and production in cattle. Hair whorl features have also been related to temperament in equines (Randle et al., 2003).

scholarly journals Low intrinsic running capacity is associated with reduced skeletal muscle substrate oxidation and lower mitochondrial content in white skeletal muscle

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (4) ◽  
pp. R835-R843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donato A. Rivas ◽  
Sarah J. Lessard ◽  
Misato Saito ◽  
Anna M. Friedhuber ◽  
Lauren G. Koch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Artificial Selection ◽  
White Muscle ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Mitochondrial Content ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Selection For

Chronic metabolic diseases develop from the complex interaction of environmental and genetic factors, although the extent to which each contributes to these disorders is unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that artificial selection for low intrinsic aerobic running capacity is associated with reduced skeletal muscle metabolism and impaired metabolic health. Rat models for low- (LCR) and high- (HCR) intrinsic running capacity were derived from genetically heterogeneous N:NIH stock for 20 generations. Artificial selection produced a 530% difference in running capacity between LCR/HCR, which was associated with significant functional differences in glucose and lipid handling by skeletal muscle, as assessed by hindlimb perfusion. LCR had reduced rates of skeletal muscle glucose uptake (∼30%; P = 0.04), glucose oxidation (∼50%; P = 0.04), and lipid oxidation (∼40%; P = 0.02). Artificial selection for low aerobic capacity was also linked with reduced molecular signaling, decreased muscle glycogen, and triglyceride storage, and a lower mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle, with the most profound changes to these parameters evident in white rather than red muscle. We show that a low intrinsic aerobic running capacity confers reduced insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and is associated with impaired markers of metabolic health compared with high intrinsic running capacity. Furthermore, selection for high running capacity, in the absence of exercise training, endows increased skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity and oxidative capacity in specifically white muscle rather than red muscle. These data provide evidence that differences in white muscle may have a role in the divergent aerobic capacity observed in this generation of LCR/HCR.

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