scholarly journals Sex or cannibalism: Polyphenism and kin recognition control social action strategies in nematodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (35) ◽  
pp. eabg8042
Author(s):  
James W. Lightfoot ◽  
Mohannad Dardiry ◽  
Ata Kalirad ◽  
Stefano Giaimo ◽  
Gabi Eberhardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Kin Recognition ◽  
Reproductive Mode ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Action Strategies ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Alternative Feeding ◽  
Genomic Relatedness

Resource polyphenisms, where single genotypes produce alternative feeding strategies in response to changing environments, are thought to be facilitators of evolutionary novelty. However, understanding the interplay between environment, morphology, and behavior and its significance is complex. We explore a radiation of Pristionchus nematodes with discrete polyphenic mouth forms and associated microbivorous versus cannibalistic traits. Notably, comparing 29 Pristionchus species reveals that reproductive mode strongly correlates with mouth-form plasticity. Male-female species exhibit the microbivorous morph and avoid parent-offspring conflict as indicated by genetic hybrids. In contrast, hermaphroditic species display cannibalistic morphs encouraging competition. Testing predation between 36 co-occurring strains of the hermaphrodite P. pacificus showed that killing inversely correlates with genomic relatedness. These empirical data together with theory reveal that polyphenism (plasticity), kin recognition, and relatedness are three major factors that shape cannibalistic behaviors. Thus, developmental plasticity influences cooperative versus competitive social action strategies in diverse animals.

Hormones and Behavior

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-26
Author(s):  
Maren N. Vitousek ◽  
Laura A. Schoenle
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Behavior

Hormones mediate the expression of life history traits—phenotypic traits that contribute to lifetime fitness (i.e., reproductive timing, growth rate, number and size of offspring). The endocrine system shapes phenotype by organizing tissues during developmental periods and by activating changes in behavior, physiology, and morphology in response to varying physical and social environments. Because hormones can simultaneously regulate many traits (hormonal pleiotropy), they are important mediators of life history trade-offs among growth, reproduction, and survival. This chapter reviews the role of hormones in shaping life histories with an emphasis on developmental plasticity and reversible flexibility in endocrine and life history traits. It also discusses the advantages of studying hormone–behavior interactions from an evolutionary perspective. Recent research in evolutionary endocrinology has provided insight into the heritability of endocrine traits, how selection on hormone systems may influence the evolution of life histories, and the role of hormonal pleiotropy in driving or constraining evolution.

scholarly journals Goal Setting, Values of Binus, dan Pembelajaran Character Building di Binus University

Humaniora ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 387
Author(s):  
Yustinus Suhardi Ruman
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
Team Work ◽  
Work Skills ◽  
Soft Skill ◽  
Good Person ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Character Building ◽  
And Behavior

Character Building Education in this era has become concerning by so many institutions of education. Institution of education is not only preparing the student to have knowledge or become smart, cleaver, but also preparing them to become good person. Of course, there are so many definitions about good person. But in this paper, author means  that the good person is they who are not only having soft skill like communication skills, leadership skills, team work skills, initiative & enterprise skills, organization skills, problem solving and ethical decisions making skills. All these skills are very important for every people on this era. It is difficult to think about people will gain a success without mastering these skill. According to author, all the skills above, although important, they are not enough. All the skills must be built on certain values.  In this context both hard skills and soft skills should be based on certain values. As an institution of education, Binus University has certain values. They consist of trust in God, farsighted, freedom to innovate, embrace diversity and tenacious focus. The attitude and behavior of all binusian has to reveal these values. Character Building learning on this point is not only coaching the student in mastering the soft skill above, but also to internalize the values of Binus. So, Values of Binus will inspire all binusian. This paper explains the position of character building learning as a goal setting to internalize the values of binus. To describe the position of character building learning, author uses the concept social action of Talcott Parson. 

Yoga Therapy on Cognitive Function in Neurodevelopmental Disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 143-160
Author(s):  
Artchoudane Soccalingam ◽  
Meena Ramanathan ◽  
Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Body Awareness ◽  
Yoga Therapy ◽  
Breath Awareness ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Sensory Processes ◽  
And Behavior

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are birth imperfections that cause dysfunction in cognitive and sensory processes and impairment in motor function, communication, and behavior. The major factors responsible for increasing incidence of NDDs are genetic, psychosocial, and excessive use of drugs. Yoga alleviates neurological problems and NDDs. Asana is a physical movement with breath awareness that facilitates the development of body awareness, concentration, and memory and provides vital energy for children with neurodevelopmental disability. Yoga therapy improves sensory coordination and motor imitations that enable persons with cognitive disabilities to make meaningful response by the integration of senses and functions of central nervous system.

scholarly journals Divergence and ontogenetic coupling of larval behaviour and thermal reaction norms in three closely related butterflies

2010 ◽  
Vol 278 (1703) ◽  
pp. 313-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Berger ◽  
Magne Friberg ◽  
Karl Gotthard
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
State Dependence ◽  
Reaction Norm ◽  
Thermal Reaction ◽  
Reaction Norms ◽  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Species Differentiation ◽  
Larval Behaviour ◽  
Trade Offs

Genetic trade-offs such as between generalist–specialist strategies can be masked by changes in compensatory processes involving energy allocation and acquisition which regulation depends on the state of the individual and its ecological surroundings. Failure to account for such state dependence may thus lead to misconceptions about the trade-off structure and nature of constraints governing reaction norm evolution. Using three closely related butterflies, we first show that foraging behaviours differ between species and change remarkably throughout ontogeny causing corresponding differences in the thermal niches experienced by the foraging larvae. We further predicted that thermal reaction norms for larval growth rate would show state-dependent variation throughout development as a result of selection for optimizing feeding strategies in the respective foraging niches of young and old larvae. We found substantial developmental plasticity in reaction norms that was species-specific and reflected the different ontogenetic niche shifts. Any conclusions regarding constraints on performance curves or species-differentiation in thermal physiology depend on when reaction norms were measured. This demonstrates that standardized estimates at single points in development, or in general, allow variation in only one ecological dimension, may sometimes provide incomplete information on reaction norm constraints.

Social Comparison, Judgment, and Behavior

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Comparison ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Group Behavior ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Face ◽  
And Behavior

This edited volume presents both classic and contemporary conceptual, empirical, and applied perspectives on the role of comparisons with other people—a core aspect of social life—that have implications for the self-concept, opinions, subjective and physical well-being, conformity, decision-making, group behavior, education, and social movements. The volume is comprised of original chapters, authored by noted experts, divided into three sections: basic comparison processes, neighboring fields, and applications. The first section is comprised of chapters that update classic theories and present advances, such as the dominating effect of local versus global comparisons, an analysis of the psychology of competition, how comparisons across different domains influence self-concept and achievement, and the integral connections between stereotyping and comparison. The second section introduces perspectives from neighboring fields that shed new light on social comparison. These chapters range from judgment and decision science, cognitive psychology, social network theory, and animal social behavior. The third section presents chapters that describe applications of comparison, including relative deprivation; health psychology; the effects of income inequality on well-being; the relationships among social hierarchies, power, and comparison; and the interconnections of psychological processes such as comparison and differential construal that favor the status quo and can discourage social action in the face of injustice and inequity.

scholarly journals The effect of alternative feeding strategies for broiler breeder pullets: 1. Welfare and performance during rearing

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
pp. 3377-3390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aitor Arrazola ◽  
Elyse Mosco ◽  
Tina M Widowski ◽  
Michele T Guerin ◽  
Elijah G Kiarie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Strategies ◽  
Broiler Breeder ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Alternative Feeding

A Novel Application of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Psychosocial Problems Associated with Multiple Sclerosis

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 200-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean C. Sheppard ◽  
John P. Forsyth ◽  
Edward J. Hickling ◽  
JeanMarie Bianchi
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Acceptance And Commitment Therapy ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Defusion ◽  
Commitment Therapy ◽  
Acceptance And Commitment ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Action Strategies ◽  
And Behavior

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system for which there is no known cure. The condition is associated with a range of physical, psychological, and emotional difficulties and often results in reduced quality of life (QOL). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is a newer cognitive-behavior therapy that balances 1) mindfulness and acceptance processes with 2) commitment and behavior change processes in the service of reducing suffering while fostering engagement in value-guided actions. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of a half-day ACT workshop focused on teaching mindful acceptance, cognitive defusion, and value-guided action strategies to a group of individuals (N = 15) with MS. The usefulness of the workshop was evaluated in terms of its impact over a 3-month follow-up period on indices of MS-related impairment, emotional distress, and QOL. The results were mixed, with significant improvements observed in the areas of depression, extent of thought suppression, impact of pain on behavior, and QOL but no change in extent of physical symptoms and mindfulness. These results are discussed broadly in terms of developing and improving brief ACT interventions for MS and other chronic illnesses.

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