scholarly journals Forced into an ecological corner: Round-the-clock deep foraging on small prey by elephant seals

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (20) ◽  
pp. eabg3628
Author(s):  
Taiki Adachi ◽  
Akinori Takahashi ◽  
Daniel P. Costa ◽  
Patrick W. Robinson ◽  
Luis A. Hückstädt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Behavioral Plasticity ◽  
Ecosystem Dynamics ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Mesopelagic Fish ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Elephant Seals ◽  
Deep Diving ◽  
Foraging Niche ◽  
Ecological Importance

Small mesopelagic fishes dominate the world’s total fish biomass, yet their ecological importance as prey for large marine animals is poorly understood. To reveal the little-known ecosystem dynamics, we identified prey, measured feeding events, and quantified the daily energy balance of 48 deep-diving elephant seals throughout their oceanic migrations by leveraging innovative technologies: animal-borne smart accelerometers and video cameras. Seals only attained positive energy balance after feeding 1000 to 2000 times per day on small fishes, which required continuous deep diving (80 to 100% of each day). Interspecies allometry suggests that female elephant seals have exceptional diving abilities relative to their body size, enabling them to exploit a unique foraging niche on small but abundant mesopelagic fish. This unique foraging niche requires extreme round-the-clock deep diving, limiting the behavioral plasticity of elephant seals to a changing mesopelagic ecosystem.

Energy balance and performance assessment of PV systems installed at a positive-energy building (PEB) solar energy research centre

Solar Energy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 258-274
Author(s):  
C. Zomer ◽  
I. Custódio ◽  
S. Goulart ◽  
S. Mantelli ◽  
G. Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Energy Research ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
And Performance

scholarly journals The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Clayton ◽  
Lewis J. James
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Exercise Performance ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
The Impact

The belief that breakfast is the most important meal of day has been derived from cross-sectional studies that have associated breakfast consumption with a lower BMI. This suggests that breakfast omission either leads to an increase in energy intake or a reduction in energy expenditure over the remainder of the day, resulting in a state of positive energy balance. However, observational studies do not imply causality. A number of intervention studies have been conducted, enabling more precise determination of breakfast manipulation on indices of energy balance. This review will examine the results from these studies in adults, attempting to identify causal links between breakfast and energy balance, as well as determining whether consumption of breakfast influences exercise performance. Despite the associations in the literature, intervention studies have generally found a reduction in total daily energy intake when breakfast is omitted from the daily meal pattern. Moreover, whilst consumption of breakfast supresses appetite during the morning, this effect appears to be transient as the first meal consumed after breakfast seems to offset appetite to a similar extent, independent of breakfast. Whether breakfast affects energy expenditure is less clear. Whilst breakfast does not seem to affect basal metabolism, breakfast omission may reduce free-living physical activity and endurance exercise performance throughout the day. In conclusion, the available research suggests breakfast omission may influence energy expenditure more strongly than energy intake. Longer term intervention studies are required to confirm this relationship, and determine the impact of these variables on weight management.

Weight Dysregulation, Positive Energy Balance, and Binge Eating in Eating Disorders

Binge Eating ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 59-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Lowe ◽  
Leora L. Haller ◽  
Simar Singh ◽  
Joanna Y. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Positive Energy Balance

Energy Balance Coexists With Disproportionate Macronutrient Consumption Across Pretraining, During Training, and Posttraining Among Indian Junior Soccer Players

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keren Susan Cherian ◽  
Ashok Sainoji ◽  
Balakrishna Nagalla ◽  
Venkata Ramana Yagnambhatt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
National Level ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Nutrient Adequacy ◽  
Food Records ◽  
Significant Difference

Purpose: To evaluate energy expenditure, energy intake, and nutrient adequacy of Indian junior soccer players. Method: Forty junior national-level soccer players (Under-12 and Under-16 age groups) were assessed for 3-day weighed food records and 3-day energy expenditure. Energy and nutrient intake was analyzed from food records, and energy expenditure was measured using a portable metabolic analyzer and activity records. Nutrient adequacy was determined by comparing intake with prevailing recommendations. Results: Players exhibited no significant difference between energy intake (boys = 3062 [340.9] and girls = 2243 [320.3] kcal·d−1) and expenditure (boys = 2875 [717.3] and girls = 2442 [350.3] kcal·d−1). Across age groups, the Under-12 boys showed positive energy balance as against energy deficits in Under-16. Girls showed energy deficits, although not significant. There were 58% of girls showing energy availability <30 kcal·kg−1 fat-free mass, of which 37% were Under-16 players. Carbohydrates contributed to >60% of energy expenditure among 95.2% boys and 73.7% girls. Among 52.4% boys and 47.4% girls, <25% of energy expenditure was contributed by fat. More than 95% players consumed <1 g·kg−1 carbohydrates pretraining and 100% of them consumed >1.2 g·kg−1 carbohydrates posttraining. Conclusion: Junior soccer players consumed more than recommended carbohydrates in the diet, although not aligning with the pretraining, during training, and posttraining meal requirements. Considering the energy deficits observed among Under-16 players, a suitable dietary modification is warranted.

scholarly journals Murine neuronatin deficiency is associated with a hypervariable food intake and bimodal obesity

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Cimino ◽  
Debra Rimmington ◽  
Y. C. Loraine Tung ◽  
Katherine Lawler ◽  
Pierre Larraufie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Chow Diet ◽  
Chromatin Regulator ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Deficient Mice

AbstractNeuronatin (Nnat) has previously been reported to be part of a network of imprinted genes downstream of the chromatin regulator Trim28. Disruption of Trim28 or of members of this network, including neuronatin, results in an unusual phenotype of a bimodal body weight. To better characterise this variability, we examined the key contributors to energy balance in Nnat+/−p mice that carry a paternal null allele and do not express Nnat. Consistent with our previous studies, Nnat deficient mice on chow diet displayed a bimodal body weight phenotype with more than 30% of Nnat+/−p mice developing obesity. In response to both a 45% high fat diet and exposure to thermoneutrality (30 °C) Nnat deficient mice maintained the hypervariable body weight phenotype. Within a calorimetry system, food intake in Nnat+/−p mice was hypervariable, with some mice consuming more than twice the intake seen in wild type littermates. A hyperphagic response was also seen in Nnat+/−p mice in a second, non-home cage environment. An expected correlation between body weight and energy expenditure was seen, but corrections for the effects of positive energy balance and body weight greatly diminished the effect of neuronatin deficiency on energy expenditure. Male and female Nnat+/−p mice displayed subtle distinctions in the degree of variance body weight phenotype and food intake and further sexual dimorphism was reflected in different patterns of hypothalamic gene expression in Nnat+/−p mice. Loss of the imprinted gene Nnat is associated with a highly variable food intake, with the impact of this phenotype varying between genetically identical individuals.

scholarly journals Reduced Liver-Specific PGC1a Increases Susceptibility for Short-Term Diet-induced Weight Gain in Male Mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Matthew Morris ◽  
Roberto D. Noland ◽  
Michael E. Ponte ◽  
Michelle L. Montonye ◽  
Julie A. Christianson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Short Term

AbstractCentral integration of peripheral neural signals is one mechanism by which systemic energy homeostasis is regulated. Previous work described increased acute food intake following chemical reduction of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ATP levels, which was prevented by common hepatic branch vagotomy (HBV). However, possible offsite actions of the chemical compounds confound the precise role of liver energy metabolism. Herein, we used a liver-specific PGC1a heterozygous (LPGC1a) mouse model, with associated reductions in mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and respiratory capacity, to assess the role of liver energy metabolism in systemic energy homeostasis. LPGC1a male mice have 70% greater high-fat/high-sucrose (HFHS) diet-induced weight gain and 35% greater positive energy balance compared to wildtype (WT) (p<0.05). The greater energy balance was associated with altered feeding behavior and lower activity energy expenditure during HFHS in LPGC1a males. Importantly, no differences in HFHS-induced weight gain or energy metabolism was observed between female WT and LPGC1a mice. WT and LPGC1a mice underwent sham or HBV to assess whether vagal signaling was involved in HFHS-induced weight gain of male LPGC1a mice. HBV increased HFHS-induced weight gain (85%, p<0.05) in male WT, but not LPGC1a mice. As above, sham LPGC1a males gain 70% more weight during short-term HFHS feeding than sham WT (p<0.05). These data demonstrate a sexspecific role of reduced liver energy metabolism in acute diet-induced weight gain, and the need of more nuanced assessment of the role of vagal signaling in short-term diet-induced weight gain.Key Points SummaryReduced liver PGC1a expression results in reduced mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation and respiratory capacity in male mice.Male mice with reduced liver PGC1a expression (LPGC1a) demonstrate greater short-term high-fat/high-sucrose diet-induced weight gain compared to wildtype.Greater positive energy balance during HFHS feeding in male LPGC1a mice is associated with altered food intake patterns and reduced activity energy expenditure.Female LPGC1a mice do not have differences in short-term HFHS-induced body weight gain or energy metabolism compared to wildtype.Disruption of vagal signaling through common hepatic branch vagotomy increases short-term HFHS-induced weight gain in male wildtype mice, but does not alter male LPGC1a weight gain.

scholarly journals Energy Balance Calculation with Life Cycle Assessment for Production of Palm Biodiesel in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 ◽  
pp. 10005
Author(s):  
Yoyon Wahyono ◽  
H. Hadiyanto ◽  
Mochamad Arief Budihardjo ◽  
Widayat
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Balance Analysis ◽  
Positive Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Balance Analysis ◽  
Energy Surplus

Energy balance analysis study for the production process of biodiesel needs to be done to find out whether a production process of biodiesel activity has a surplus energy or minus energy. This study aims to analyse the balance of energy of the plantation of palm, production of palm oil, and production process units of biodiesel with the life cycle assessment in Banyuasin - Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that the largest energy input in the plantation of palm, production of palm oil, and production process units of biodiesel sequentially is the use of urea as N-fertilizer, electricity, and methanol. The value of NEB and NER in the production process of palm biodiesel sequentially is 5871 MJ and 1.17. Finally, the production process of palm biodiesel in Banyuasin area has a positive energy balance. The activity of production of palm biodiesel is proper to operate because it produces an energy surplus.

Physiological and genetic differences between low and high index dairy cows

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Lucy ◽  
B. A. Crooker
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
High Index ◽  
Negative Energy Balance ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Days Open

AbstractSelection of dairy cattle for increased milk production has decreased some indices of reproductive efficiency. For example, days open are increased by one day for every 100 kg of increased milk yield per lactation. Some of the change in days open can be explained by delayed onset of oestrous cyclicity and lower conception rate to artificial insemination in cows with greater milk production. Despite these negative associations between milk production and reproduction, reproduction in herds of high producing dairy cattle is not necessarily compromised relative to reproduction in herds of low producing dairy cattle. This is because there is a large environmental effect on dairy reproduction. High producing herds generally have better management and better oestrous detection. Therefore, high producing dairy herds may partially overcome the antagonistic relationship between milk production and reproduction. Physiological mechanisms that lead to poorer reproduction in high producing cows are partially defined. Negative energy balance that occurs in high producing dairy cows can be associated with a delay in the initiation of ovarian cycles and the interval to first breeding. Many of the effects of negative energy balance on postpartum reproduction can be explained by decreased serum luteinizing hormone (LH) that is associated with negative energy balance. Serum LH increases as cows move toward positive energy balance and greater LH stimulates growth and ovulation of ovarian follicles. We have initiated studies to address physiological differences in high and low index dairy cows. The reproductive endocrinology of cows from a control line (5,900 kg milk/lactation) and a select line (10,900 kg milk/lactation) of dairy cows at the University of Minnesota was studied over a two-year period. Cows in Year 1 were similar for serum concentrations of LH, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and oestradiol (preovulatory period). In both years, serum concentrations of progesterone during luteal phases, however, were decreased in select cows. The Year 2 cows also had a delay in the return to oestrous cyclicity that was associated with reduced LH. The possibility that decreased progesterone causes infertility in dairy cows will require further study. Collectively, these data suggest that changes in blood progesterone concentrations may explain, partially, lower fertility in high index dairy cows.

Dehydration of Ethanol: New Approach Gives Positive Energy Balance

Science ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 205 (4409) ◽  
pp. 898-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. LADISCH ◽  
K. DYCK
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Positive Energy ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Positive Energy Balance
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