scholarly journals Neutron tomography of Van Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (20) ◽  
pp. eabf2402
Author(s):  
Tiemen Cocquyt ◽  
Zhou Zhou ◽  
Jeroen Plomp ◽  
Lambert van Eijck
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Neutron Tomography ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Single Lens ◽  
Do So

The technique of neutron tomography has, after 350 years, enabled a first look inside the iconic single-lens microscopes of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Van Leeuwenhoek’s 17th-century discovery of “animalcules” marks the birth of microbiology. His skillfully self-produced microscope lenses remained unsurpassed for over 150 years. Neutron tomography now enabled us to reveal the lens types Van Leeuwenhoek used. We argue that Van Leeuwenhoek’s instruments incorporate some innovations that testify to an awareness of concurrent developments. In particular, our analysis shows that for making his best-performing microscopes, Van Leeuwenhoek deployed a lens-making procedure popularized in 1678 by Robert Hooke. This is notable, as Hooke always wanted to find the secret of Van Leeuwenhoek’s lenses, but never managed to do so. Therefore, Van Leeuwenhoek was far from the isolated scholar he is often claimed to be; rather, his secrecy about his lenses was motivated by an attempt to conceal his indebtedness to Hooke.

Speculations About the Earth: the Role of Robert Hooke and Others in the 17th Century

1983 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Drake ◽  
Paul Komar
Keyword(s):  
Earth Science ◽  
Continental Drift ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
Ocean Exploration ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Religious Considerations ◽  
Biblical Concepts

Among his 17th century contemporaries Robert Hooke (1635-1703) was exceptional in his investigations of the terraqueous globe by experimentation and development of instrumentation for ocean exploration and in forming hypotheses concerning the origin of the earth's surface features. Most theories of the earth written at that time were concerned with bringing observations of nature into concordance with Biblical accounts of Creation, the Deluge, and the final Conflagration. In contrast, Hooke's hypotheses, published posthumously in 1705 in his Discourses of Earthquakes, were essentially unhampered by religious considerations or by other forms of Medievalism. Because he was a product of the 17th century and because these Discourses were presented over a period of 30 years, Hooke naturally made references to all-pervasive Biblical concepts and furthermore his ideas showed some changes as time went on. But his approach was generally scientific and is considered more sophisticated than purely Baconian. His system of the earth was not only unlike those of his contemporaries but in essence was the pre-continental-drift paradigm within which most present-day geologists over age 40 were reared; many of his insights were startlingly modern. Hooke's role was significant in the development of science and especially in the progress of earth science.

Frederick Slare, F. R. S. (1648-1727)

1992 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-41 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Young Men ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Robert Boyle ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
John Wallis ◽  
Christopher Wren

When the Royal Society was founded in 1660, its initiators were far from being young men, as one would expect remembering that the long-lived John Wallis (1616-1703) gave its origins as lying in meetings begun as long before as 1645. Fifteen years after that date, most of its founders were, in 1660, well on in their 40s; even among the original Fellows of 1663 the youngest were Christopher Wren (38 in 1660), Robert Boyle (33) and William Croone (27), nor were the first recruits to the new, formal Society younger. Hence it is not surprising that the next 20 years saw the loss through death of the majority of them, nor that those who survived into the 1680s slowly withdrew from active participation in the meetings. Even Robert Hooke, only 27 when appointed Curator of Experiments in 1662, was by 1680 well on in years by 17th-century usage, and reasonably more interested in his various professional activities than anxious to labour at performing repetitions of experiments for the edification of fellow-members.

1. A long history

2016 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
A. M. Glazer
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
New Era ◽  
Space Groups ◽  
Johannes Kepler ◽  
The 19Th Century

‘A long history’ explains that it was during the 17th-century Enlightenment that saw the systematic study of crystals or ‘crystallography’ by key scientists including Johannes Kepler, Robert Hooke, Christian Huygens, Nicolas Steno, and Abbé René-Just Haüy—the true father of crystallography, who postulated that crystals must be made up of regular arrangements of polyhedral units. The 19th century saw new theories of crystals with the identification of thirty-two crystal classes, fourteen Bravais lattices, and 230 possible space groups. A new era of crystallography emerged with the discovery of X-ray diffraction by crystals by Max Theodor Felix Laue. William Henry Bragg and his son William Lawrence Bragg went on to identify many crystal structures.

scholarly journals Review on Prevalence of Haemonchus Contort us in Ethiopian

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Tadesse Tilahun ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Population ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Parasitic Helminths ◽  
Human Parasite ◽  
Microscopic World ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Invisible

In the 17th century, Robert Hooke invented the microscope and our life understanding and disease increased. Further understanding of the invisible, microscopic world has been occurred after the establishment of modern microbiology in the 19th century by Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. Thanks to modern technology, there have been nearly 300 species of parasitic helminths known to be human parasite. Additionally, livestock, crops and pets are all victims of parasitic helminths, which cause extreme effects on the human population as well [1].

scholarly journals The Monument Project (Si Monumentum Requiris Circumspice)

Leonardo ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 474-475
Author(s):  
Chris Meigh-Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Digital Video ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Video Installation ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Panoramic Images ◽  
Continuous Stream ◽  
Christopher Wren ◽  
City Of London ◽  
The City

This paper describes the concepts, ideas, background and operations of The Monument Project (Si Monumentum Requiris Circumspice), a digital video installation that produces a continuous stream of weather-responsive panoramic images from the top of the Monument in the City of London. The work, which was commissioned by Julian Harrap Architects, was part of a £4.5 million refurbishment of the 17th-century landmark, designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Dr. Robert Hooke to commemorate the Great Fire of London in 1666.

scholarly journals Nuevos textos literarios asturianos del XVII y un nuevo testimonio del entremés de L'Alcalde

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (17) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Juan C. Busto Cortina
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
The Real ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The University ◽  
Do So

A partir de la reciente publicación de dos ediciones de poesía asturiana del siglo XVII, se examinan y sistematizan algunas informaciones sobre los poetas que participaron en los certámenes poéticos de 1639, 1665 y 1666. Los treinta años que separan uno y otros certámenes, y el ámbito jesuita donde se desarrolla el primero, hizo que muy pocos de los poetas que intervinieron en el de 1639 participasen en los que tuvieron lugar en la segunda mitad de siglo, hasta hace poco los únicos conocidos. Se pone en relación este tipo de poesía celebrativa que se compone en asturiano con lo que se produce en otros lugares de España. En el ámbito universitario salmantino se acogen textos en sayagués y también se emplea el sayagués (junto con el asturiano) en el certamen ovetense de 1639, en lo que pudo tener que ver la procedencia salmantina de su compilador, el P. Andrés Mendo. Sin embargo, mientras el sayagués pierde importancia en su uso literario a lo largo del XVII (ello se ve claramente en los villancicos), el empleo de otras lenguas irá en cambio en aumento a partir de este siglo. Ello es manifiesto en Galicia, en Navarra y en Asturias, cuyas lenguas vernáculas tendrán cabida en diversos certámenes durante este periodo. Se destaca el interés de otra nueva celebración poética de la que no había noticia hasta ahora: la que tiene lugar con la llegada a Asturias del obispo Ambrosio Ignacio de Spínola. En este contexto surge el nombre de un poeta completamente ignorado: Juan García de Prada, que muestra seguir de cerca el magisterio de Marirreguera en el uso de la octava real y de otros recursos literarios. Se dedica una especial atención al surgimiento de los primeros testimonios literarios manuscritos en asturiano que deben ser datados en la segunda mitad del XVII. Asimismo, se examina el caso particular de alguna obra regueriana: el Romance a Santa Eulalia de Mérida y el entremés de El Alcalde. De este entremés se ofrece una versión inédita contenida en un manuscrito de la primera mitad del XVIII, primer testimonio manuscrito de una obra de Marirreguera. Este testimonio presenta algunos rasgos lingüísticos (el empleo del pronombre -ye en función de dativo) que también aparecen en los poemas de García de Prada de la segunda mitad del XVII.Palabras clave: poesía asturiana del XVII; poesía celebrativa; Juan García de Prada; Andrés Mendo; Marirreguera; historia de la lengua asturiana; teatro de ‘entremés’.From the recent publication of two editions of Asturian poetry of the 17th century, some information on the poets who participated in the poetic contests of 1639, 1665 and 1666 are examined and systematized. The thirty years that separate one and other contests, and the Jesuit area where the first one was developed, made that very few of the poets who intervened in the one of 1639 could do so in those that took place in the second half of the century, the only ones known till recent times. This type of celebratory poetry that is composed in Asturian relates with what is produced in other places of Spain. In the University of Salamanca, texts are given in Sayagués, and the Sayagués (together with the Asturian) is also used in the competition of Oviedo in 1639, with which the Salmantine origin of its compiler, Fr. Andrés Mendo, could have had somethings to do. However, while the Sayagués lost importance in its literary use throughout the seventeenth century (this is clearly seen in the villancicos), the use of other languages will gradually increase from this century on. This is evident in Galicia, Pamplona and Asturias whose vernacular languages will have room in various competitions during this period. The interest of another new poetic celebration of which unknown is highlights: the one that takes place with the arrival in Asturias of the bishop Ambrosio Ignacio de Spínola. In this context comes the name of a completely ignored poet: Juan García de Prada, who shows to follow closely the magisterium of Marirreguera in the use of the real octave and other literary resources. Particular attention is given to the emergence of the first literary manuscripts testimonies in Asturian that must be dated in the second half of the xvii. Also the particular case of some Marirreguera’s work is examined: the «Romance to Santa Eulalia of Mérida» and the «El Alcalde» entremés. From this entremés an unpublished version contained in a manuscript of the first half of the xviii, first manuscript testimony of a work of Marirreguera is offered. This testimony presents some linguistic features (the use of the pronoun -ye in function of dative) that also appear in the poems of García de Prada of the second half of the xvii.Keywords: Asturian poetry of the 17th century; celebratory poetry; Juan García de Prada; Andrés Mendo; Marirreguera; history of the Asturian language; theatrical ‘entremés’.

scholarly journals The limits of collaboration: Robert Hooke, Christopher Wren and the designing of the monument to the great fire of London

2011 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew F. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Professional Relationship ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Christopher Wren ◽  
City Of London ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The City ◽  
Recent Tendency ◽  
Do So

This article showcases my recent research into the professional relationship between Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke, two of the early Royal Society's most prominent scientists and architects. There has been a recent tendency in architectural history to see Wren and Hooke as informal architectural collaborators, the co-designers of several important works in post-fire London. These include Greenwich Royal Observatory, the rebuilt parish churches in the City of London and, most prominently, the recently restored Monument to the Great Fire of London. In this article I argue that this reading of their relationship is a problematic one, ultimately dependent on an equally problematic account of their friendship. To do so I explore Wren and Hooke's professional relationship with regard to the Monument. I show, using new evidence, that their roles in the designing of the column have been misunderstood and that the final design can now be attributed to Hooke alone. Rather than being informal collaborators, Wren and Hooke did not stray from their duties as Royal Surveyor and City Surveyor, respectively, and Wren's contribution to the commissioning and designing of the Monument was as a consultant and ratifier only. In this respect their professional relationship as architects differed from their work as Royal Society scientists, in which informal collaboration was not only permissible but also encouraged. Overall, this conclusion has significant implications for our understanding of Wren and Hooke's careers as architects and sheds new light on one of early modern England's most important buildings.

Robert Hooke, 1635–1703

2012 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-254
Author(s):  
Robin Rowbury
Keyword(s):  
Wave Theory ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Planetary Motion ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Isle Of Wight ◽  
Planetary Bodies

Robert Hooke was a polymath whose expertise during the 17th century spanned many different scientific areas. As a schoolboy on the Isle of Wight he was obsessed with the possibility of human flight and later became equally absorbed in cosmology and planetary motion. His skills as an artist were put to good use both as an architect following the Great Fire of London and before that in Micrographia. Although that book is best known for demonstrating the power of Hooke's microscope, Micrographia describes distant planetary bodies, the wave theory of light, the organic origin of fossils, and various other philosophical and scientific interests of its author. The following thumbnail sketches of Hooke reveal him to be a man of enormous energy and imagination whose ideas were often pirated or under-rated.

scholarly journals Seeing is Believing

1995 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-10
Author(s):  
T.G. Rochow
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
First Century ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Robert Hooke

Since the first century A.D., mankind has found ways to see better1. During the next twelve centuries, convex lenses were made from clear minerals for eyeglasses, in order to overcome far-sightedness. Then, in the 1300's, clear, artificial glass became available for the same purposs. By the sixteenth century, concave lenses were made for the near-sighted. It was not until the 17th century that a combination of lenses led to the sciences of astronomy and microscopy.One of the earliest important microscopists was the Englishman Robert Hooke (1635-1703). He owned a compound microscope with an objective lens and an eyepiece, much like Galileo's telescope.

Three hundred years after Hooke and Van Leeuwenhoek: The revolution in optical microscopy

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 4-6
Author(s):  
M. Isaacson
Keyword(s):  
Optical Microscopy ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
The World ◽  
New View ◽  
The Revolution

Man is always trying to extend his vision through the four senses of sight, sound, touch and smell. The microscopy of Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek are examples of methods devised centuries ago to extend our visible vision. In fact, instrument designers have constructed microscopes using each one of the four senses to bring us peeks into the microworld. When Robert Hooke took some scrapings from his teeth and viewed the bacteria in these scrapings under his primitive microscope, a whole new view of the world ensued. But it should be noted that optical microscopes used two centuries after Hooke were not much different than the primitive 17th century versions. It was the illucidation of modern optics principles by Abbe and then Zernicke that allowed for the design of most present-day conventional optical microscopes and revolutionized the microscopy of their day. Even after that revolution, the laws of physics seemed to prevent imaging structures significantly smaller than the wavelength, λ, and this led to the search for other methods to increase resolution.

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