scholarly journals Millikelvin-resolved ambient thermography

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (50) ◽  
pp. eabd8688
Author(s):  
Kechao Tang ◽  
Kaichen Dong ◽  
Christopher J. Nicolai ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
Jiachen Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Thermal Activity ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Metal Insulator ◽  
Object Based ◽  
In Operando ◽  
Boltzmann Law ◽  
Distinct Approach

Thermography detects surface temperature and subsurface thermal activity of an object based on the Stefan-Boltzmann law. Impacts of the technology would be more far-reaching with finer thermal sensitivity, called noise-equivalent differential temperature (NEDT). Existing efforts to advance NEDT are all focused on improving registration of radiation signals with better cameras, driving the number close to the end of the roadmap at 20 to 40 mK. In this work, we take a distinct approach of sensitizing surface radiation against minute temperature variation of the object. The emissivity of the thermal imaging sensitizer (TIS) rises abruptly at a preprogrammed temperature, driven by a metal-insulator transition in cooperation with photonic resonance in the structure. The NEDT is refined by over 15 times with the TIS to achieve single-digit millikelvin resolution near room temperature, empowering ambient thermography for a broad range of applications such as in operando electronics analysis and early cancer screening.

Detection of Unusual Thermal Activities in a Semiconductor Chip Using Backside Infrared Thermal Imaging

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swapnil Suryakant Salvi ◽  
Ankur Jain
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Hardware Trojan ◽  
Thermal Activity ◽  
Histogram Method ◽  
3D Ic ◽  
Semiconductor Chip ◽  
Trojan Detection ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Speed Accuracy

Abstract Rapid detection of hardware Trojans on a semiconductor chip that may run malicious processes on the chip is a critical and ongoing security need. Several approaches have been investigated in the past for hardware Trojan detection, mostly based on changes in circuit parameters due to Trojan activity. Chip temperature is one such parameter that is closely related to the degree of Trojan activity. This paper carries out backside infrared imaging of a two-die three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) thermal test chip in order to detect unusual thermal activities on the chip. Four distinct image processing algorithms are evaluated and compared in terms of speed, accuracy and occurrence of false positives and negatives. The impact of background thermal activity and finite duration of Trojan activity on the accuracy of detection is investigated. Within the parameter space tested in this work, the histogram method is found to be the most effective at Trojan detection in the 3D IC. Modifications in data analysis techniques are proposed that improve Trojan detection performance. This work may help develop thermal imaging as a means for real-time Trojan detection and enhancement of security of modern semiconductor chips, including 3D ICs.

Creative Approach Using Lock-in Thermography in Fault Localization of ASIC Devices

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Sabate ◽  
Rommel Estores
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Fault Localization ◽  
Thermal Activity ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Material Preparations ◽  
Imaging Application ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Lock In

Abstract The advent of lock-in thermal imaging application on semiconductor failure analysis added capability to localize failures through thermal activity (emission) of the die. When coupled with creative electrical set-up and material preparations, lock-in thermography (LIT) [1, 2] application gives more possibility in exploring the failure of the device using low power settings. This gives higher probability of preserving the defect which leads to a more conclusive root cause determination.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Thermovision Images of Healthy Young Men with Different Terms of Adaptation to Conditions of the North

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
IV Averyanova ◽  
SI Vdovenko
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Young Male ◽  
The Body ◽  
Thermal Imager ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The North ◽  
Zero Generation

Introduction. The correlation between skin temperature and cutaneous blood flow is a factor that influences thermal imaging of the body in response to thermoregulation. The objective of our study was to identify features of thermal images of young male permanent residents of the Russian North belonging to different generations. Materials and methods. Thermography was carried out using a thermal imaging camera (FLIR SC620 thermal imager, Sweden), providing long-wave (7.5–13 μm) imaging with a thermal sensitivity of 0.1 °С. Quantitative analysis of thermovision images was performed for eight sites of the body captured from the front and back in a sitting position. We examined 90 young healthy men aged 17 to 21 years, permanently residing in the Magadan Region. Depending on the duration of adaptation to extreme conditions of the North, all subjects were divided into four groups: adapting migrants (“zero generation”) and those born in the North in the first, second and third generations. Results. We established a significant increase in skin temperature at all measured body sites in the series from adapting migrants (“zero generation”) to the natives in the first to third generation. The maximum differences were observed for the average temperature of the forehead, abdomen, and lower back, reaching 0.97, 1.04, and 0.98 °C, respectively. It should be noted that the young men of the city of Magadan had a higher average skin temperature than those living in optimal climatic and geographical conditions of Central Russia and Eastern Europe. The smallest difference (0.43 °С) was registered for breast temperature between the migrants and representatives of the third generation. Conclusions. Our findings prove compensatory and adaptive physiological changes occurring in the body over time to reduce adverse effects of the cold environment. This reorganization of the body is achieved through optimization of the thermoregulatory mechanism and changes in vegetative skin vasomotor responses.

scholarly journals A Systematic Approach to Comparing Thermal Activity of the Thoracic Region and Saddle Pressure Distribution beneath the Saddle in a Group of Non-Lame Sports Horses

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1105
Author(s):  
Russell MacKechnie-Guire ◽  
Mark Fisher ◽  
Helen Mathie ◽  
Kat Kuczynska ◽  
Vanessa Fairfax ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Thermal Activity ◽  
Thoracic Region ◽  
Random Factor ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Measuring Surface ◽  
Invasive Method ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Post Hoc

Thermography is a non-invasive method for measuring surface temperatures and may be a convenient way of identifying hypo/hyperthermic areas under a saddle that may be related to saddle pressures. A thermal camera quantified minimum/maximum/mean temperatures at specific locations (left/right) of the thoracic region at three-time points: (1) baseline; (2) post lunging; (3) post ridden exercise in eight non-lame sports horses ridden by the same rider. A Pliance (Novel) pressure mat determined the mean/peak saddle pressures (kPa) in the cranial and caudal regions. General linear mixed models with the horse as the random factor investigated the time point (fixed factor: baseline; lunge; ridden) and saddle fit (fixed factor: correct; wide; narrow) on thermal parameters with Bonferroni post hoc comparison. The saddle pressure data (grouped: saddle width) were assessed with an ANOVA and Tukey post hoc comparison (p ≤ 0.05). Differences between the saddle widths in the cranial/caudal mean (p = 0.05) and peak saddle pressures (p = 0.01) were found. The maximum temperatures increased post lunge (p ≤ 0.0001) and post ridden (p ≤ 0.0001) compared to the baseline. No difference between post lunge and post ridden exercise (all p ≥ 0.51) was found. The thermal activity does not appear to be representative of increased saddle pressure values. The sole use of thermal imaging for saddle fitting should be applied with caution.

scholarly journals Scanning SQUID-on-tip Magnetic and Thermal Microscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Kousik Bagani ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vortex Dynamics ◽  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Quantum Interference ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Quantum Hall ◽  
Quantum Systems ◽  
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device ◽  
Scanning Squid ◽  
Quantum Hall State

Scanning magnetic and thermal imaging using Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) fabricated on the apex of a sharp tip has attracted great attention because of its record magnetic sensitivity, thermal sensitivity and nanoscale spatial resolution. Many interesting phenomena like vortex dynamics in a superconductor, quantum hall state, and heat dissipation in graphene etc. has been investigated using scanning SQUID on tip microscopy. This is one of the most powerful tool for the investigation of a wide variety of quantum systems and novel materials.

scholarly journals The measurement of heat loss with use of a thermal imaging system

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Vítěz ◽  
Petr Trávníček
Keyword(s):  
Heat Loss ◽  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Heat Output ◽  
Thermal Camera ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Thermal Imaging System ◽  
Wooden Furniture ◽  
Boltzmann Law

The aim of this work was to verify the method of determining the heat loss of boiler by using of thermal infrared camera. Waste sawdust and wood shavings from the manufacturing of wooden furniture has been used as fuel in considered boiler with an installed heat output of 130 kW. The temperature distribution on the shell of the boiler has been discovered by using of infrared thermal camera, subsequently heat loss caused by radiation and convection has been calculated. For calculating of heat loss caused by radiation Stefan-Boltzmann Law has been used, for calculating of heat loss caused by convection three approaches have been used, Mc Adams, Michijev’s and King‘s. The results of the different approaches have been compared between themselves and the mean heat loss.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THERMAL EFFECTS WITH MULTI-FOCI STRUCTURING

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
A.V. Kolesnikov ◽  
◽  
S.V. Semenova ◽  
V.N. Vyrovoy ◽  
V.Ya. Kersh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structure Formation ◽  
Thermal Imaging ◽  
Thermal Effects ◽  
Thermal Sensitivity ◽  
Thermal Processes ◽  
Composite Binder ◽  
Indirect Response ◽  
Heterogeneous Processes ◽  
Exothermic Process ◽  
High Plastic

Abstract. The possibility of a thermal imaging technique for studying the setting of composite materials in the light of the paradigm of multifocal structure formation is analyzed. Since thermal violated observations are characterized by a high thermal sensitivity to temperature gradients up to hundredths of degrees, they make it possible to distinguish the temperature differences arising in the adjacent sections of the hardening binding. A technique for obtaining thermal images (thermograms) of a hardening composite binder is implemented. A series of thermograms of setting processes was obtained, for two of them a quantitative study was carried out, including the temperature gauge and the construction of several types of graphic mappings of the obtained patterns ‒ the normalized frequency of the distribution of the area of the binder for those temperatures and two types of densitograms ‒ radial and circular, allowing to visualize the structure of thermal foci arising in a binder. The hardening of binding materials is considered as a multistage exothermic process, in which hydration processes is accompanied by heating. The speed of heterogeneous processes associated with hydration depends, in turn, on the characteristics of the forming structure of binding materials. The observed thermal processes are considered as an indirect response, "shadow" of structure formation processes. The information consisting in this indirect response, however, is enough to make a number of conclusions on the nature of the emerging structure. The study revealed a high probability of the formation of foci near the macroscopic boundaries of the section (walls and bottom of the form), inconsistency of the structural processes, the occurrence of diverse foci of structure formation corresponding to temperature foci. The interpretation of the data obtained is the conclusion about formation of the regions of high plastic deformations near the boundaries of the contact of the foci. This regions are considered as a cluster of microscopic boundaries of the section, cracks and pores, which give rise to the structure of the destruction of the hardened material. The emergence of such areas is associated with nonynchronouspassage of structuring in different parts of the binder.

HREM Study of electron-induced surface radiation damage in ReO3

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 636-637
Author(s):  
R. Ai ◽  
H.-J. Fan ◽  
L. D. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal ◽  
Metal Ions ◽  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Electron Irradiation ◽  
Transition Metal Oxides ◽  
Carbon Film ◽  
Transition Metal Ions ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Valence Transition ◽  
Electron Microscopes

It has been known for a long time that electron irradiation induces damage in maximal valence transition metal oxides such as TiO2, V2O5, and WO3, of which transition metal ions have an empty d-shell. This type of damage is excited by electronic transition and can be explained by the Knoteck-Feibelman mechanism (K-F mechanism). Although the K-F mechanism predicts that no damage should occur in transition metal oxides of which the transition metal ions have a partially filled d-shell, namely submaximal valence transition metal oxides, our recent study on ReO3 shows that submaximal valence transition metal oxides undergo damage during electron irradiation.ReO3 has a nearly cubic structure and contains a single unit in its cell: a = 3.73 Å, and α = 89°34'. TEM specimens were prepared by depositing dry powders onto a holey carbon film supported on a copper grid. Specimens were examined in Hitachi H-9000 and UHV H-9000 electron microscopes both operated at 300 keV accelerating voltage. The electron beam flux was maintained at about 10 A/cm2 during the observation.

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