scholarly journals Arctic mid-winter phytoplankton growth revealed by autonomous profilers

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (39) ◽  
pp. eabc2678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achim Randelhoff ◽  
Léo Lacour ◽  
Claudie Marec ◽  
Edouard Leymarie ◽  
José Lagunas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytoplankton Growth ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Ocean Optics ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Polar Night ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Annual Cycles ◽  
Baffin Bay ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Net Phytoplankton

It is widely believed that during winter and spring, Arctic marine phytoplankton cannot grow until sea ice and snow cover start melting and transmit sufficient irradiance, but there is little observational evidence for that paradigm. To explore the life of phytoplankton during and after the polar night, we used robotic ice-avoiding profiling floats to measure ocean optics and phytoplankton characteristics continuously through two annual cycles in Baffin Bay, an Arctic sea that is covered by ice for 7 months a year. We demonstrate that net phytoplankton growth occurred even under 100% ice cover as early as February and that it resulted at least partly from photosynthesis. This highlights the adaptation of Arctic phytoplankton to extreme low-light conditions, which may be key to their survival before seeding the spring bloom.

Which Processes Sustain Biota in Open-Ocean Deep Chlorophyll Maxima?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun Rigby ◽  
Richard Williams ◽  
Eric Achterberg ◽  
Alessandro Tagliabue
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Nutrient Deficiency ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Cellular Iron ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Upward Flux

<p>Deep chlorophyll maxima (DCM) are productive layers widespread throughout the global ocean. In the DCM, marine phytoplankton are adapted to low light conditions at the cost of elevated cellular iron (Fe) requirements, leading to Fe deficient growth. To sustain productivity, nutrient demands must be met by sources such as the dissolution of sinking lithogenic particles, recycling of biogenic particles and physical transport from below. The <em>GEOTRACES</em> programme has expanded the global ocean datasets for a suite of trace metals and also noble gases. Here, we exploit helium measurements to derive a vertical flux estimate of nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub>), phosphate (PO<sub>4</sub>), silica (Si) and Fe into the DCM in the subtropical North Atlantic and equatorial Pacific. We apply the Si* relation to show differences in nutrient deficiency between waters in the DCM and the upward flux into the DCM. The offset in Si* between the DCM and upward flux may be enhanced or reduced by the dissolution of sinking particles or internal recycling. We show that the upward Fe flux to the DCM is of similar magnitude to Fe supplied through regeneration. In contrast, we show that the upward Fe flux outweighs estimates of Fe supplied to the DCM via recycling or lithogenic particles in the subtropical North Atlantic. The muted role of lithogenic particles in our estimates leads to the question: what assumptions must be made about aeolian deposition to increase the relevance of lithogenic particles at the DCM?</p>

scholarly journals Bioconditioning of Arctic Waters and Stimulation of Arctic Phytoplankton by Sea Ice Algae: Vulnerability to Increased Light

ARCTIC ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-117
Author(s):  
Spencer Apollonio
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Arctic Sea Ice ◽  
Phytoplankton Production ◽  
Ice Algae ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Sea Ice Algae ◽  
Arctic Sea ◽  
Summer Growth

Arctic sea ice algae produce extracellular organic products, which, as bioconditioners of seawater, may stimulate early summer growth of pelagic, under-sea-ice phytoplankton in low light and low temperature conditions. Sea ice algae are inhibited or decline in numbers if prematurely exposed to high light conditions, thereby reducing their ability to produce bioconditioners. As climate change creates an early reduction or removal of snow and sea ice cover, the result may be a decrease in primary phytoplankton production.

Changes in the Stoichiometry of Photosystem II Components as an Adaptive Response to High-Light and Low-Light Conditions during Growth

1986 ◽  
Vol 41 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 597-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aloysius Wild ◽  
Matthias Höpfner ◽  
Wolfgang Rühle ◽  
Michael Richter
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Photosynthetic Apparatus ◽  
High Light ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Pigment System ◽  
Transport Chain ◽  
The One

The effect of different growth light intensities (60 W·m-2, 6 W·m-2) on the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus of mustard plants (Sinapis alba L.) was studied. A distinct decrease in photosystem II content per chlorophyll under low-light conditions compared to high-light conditions was found. For P-680 as well as for Oᴀ and Oв protein the molar ratio between high-light and low-light plants was 1.4 whereas the respective concentrations per chlorophyll showed some variations for P-680 and Oᴀ on the one and Oв protein on the other hand.In addition to the study of photosystem II components, the concentrations of PQ, Cyt f, and P-700 were measured. The light regime during growth had no effect on the amount of P-700 per chlorophyll but there were large differences with respect to PQ and Cyt f. The molar ratio for Cyt f and PQ between high- and low-light leaves was 2.2 and 1.9, respectively.Two models are proposed, showing the functional organization of the pigment system and the electron transport chain in thylakoids of high-light and low-light leaves of mustard plants.

scholarly journals Perceptually based tone mapping for low-light conditions

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam G. Kirk ◽  
James F. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Tone Mapping ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Low Light

scholarly journals Olfactory acuity in theropods: palaeobiological and evolutionary implications

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1657) ◽  
pp. 667-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darla K Zelenitsky ◽  
François Therrien ◽  
Yoshitsugu Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Cerebral Hemisphere ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Olfactory Bulbs ◽  
Theropod Dinosaurs ◽  
Olfactory Acuity ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Omnivorous Diet

This research presents the first quantitative evaluation of the olfactory acuity in extinct theropod dinosaurs. Olfactory ratios (i.e. the ratio of the greatest diameter of the olfactory bulb to the greatest diameter of the cerebral hemisphere) are analysed in order to infer the olfactory acuity and behavioural traits in theropods, as well as to identify phylogenetic trends in olfaction within Theropoda. A phylogenetically corrected regression of olfactory ratio to body mass reveals that, relative to predicted values, the olfactory bulbs of (i) tyrannosaurids and dromaeosaurids are significantly larger, (ii) ornithomimosaurs and oviraptorids are significantly smaller, and (iii) ceratosaurians, allosauroids, basal tyrannosauroids, troodontids and basal birds are within the 95% CI. Relative to other theropods, olfactory acuity was high in tyrannosaurids and dromaeosaurids and therefore olfaction would have played an important role in their ecology, possibly for activities in low-light conditions, locating food, or for navigation within large home ranges. Olfactory acuity was the lowest in ornithomimosaurs and oviraptorids, suggesting a reduced reliance on olfaction and perhaps an omnivorous diet in these theropods. Phylogenetic trends in olfaction among theropods reveal that olfactory acuity did not decrease in the ancestry of birds, as troodontids, dromaeosaurids and primitive birds possessed typical or high olfactory acuity. Thus, the sense of smell must have remained important in primitive birds and its presumed decrease associated with the increased importance of sight did not occur until later among more derived birds.

Impact of air emissions from shipping on marine phytoplankton growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 769 ◽  
pp. 145488
Author(s):  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Zongbo Shi ◽  
Junri Zhao ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Yang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytoplankton Growth ◽  
Marine Phytoplankton ◽  
Air Emissions
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