scholarly journals Inference and influence of network structure using snapshot social behavior without network data

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (23) ◽  
pp. eabb8762
Author(s):  
Antonia Godoy-Lorite ◽  
Nick S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Network Data ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Mayoral Elections ◽  
Time Point

Population behavior, like voting and vaccination, depends on the structure of social networks. This structure can differ depending on behavior type and is typically hidden. However, we do often have behavioral data, albeit only snapshots taken at one time point. We present a method jointly inferring a model for both network structure and human behavior using only snapshot population-level behavioral data. This exploits the simplicity of a few parameter model, geometric sociodemographic network model, and a spin-based model of behavior. We illustrate, for the European Union referendum and two London mayoral elections, how the model offers both prediction and the interpretation of the homophilic inclinations of the population. Beyond extracting behavior-specific network structure from behavioral datasets, our approach yields a framework linking inequalities and social preferences to behavioral outcomes. We illustrate potential network-sensitive policies: How changes to income inequality, social temperature, and homophilic preferences might have reduced polarization in a recent election.

scholarly journals The impact of voluntary food fortification on micronutrient intakes and status in European countries: a review

2013 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Áine Hennessy ◽  
Janette Walton ◽  
Albert Flynn
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Food Fortification ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Fortified Foods ◽  
National Surveys ◽  
The Impact

This review aims to assess the efficacy and safety of voluntary fortification as an option to address the occurrence of inadequate micronutrient intakes in population subgroups in Europe. Although legislation is harmonised across the European Union, fortification practices and patterns of consumption of fortified foods vary considerably between countries. While the proportion of children consuming fortified foods is greater than adults, the proportion of dietary energy obtained from fortified foods is generally low (<10% in Ireland, where fortified foods are widely consumed). There are a few systematic studies on the overall nutritional impact of voluntary fortification, but there are several studies on the impact of fortified ready-to-eat breakfast cereals. The available evidence indicates that voluntary fortification can reduce the risk of sub-optimal intakes of a range of micronutrients at a population level and can also improve status for selected micronutrients (e.g. folate, vitamin D and riboflavin) in children and adults. Although concerns have been raised regarding the potential of food fortification to lead to unacceptably high micronutrient intakes, particularly for those consuming higher amounts of fortified foods, data from national surveys on total micronutrient intakes (including fortified foods) in Europe show that small proportions of the population, particularly children, may exceed the upper intake level (UL) for some micronutrients. The risk of adverse effects occurring in these individuals exceeding the UL by modest amounts is low. In conclusion, voluntary fortification practices have been shown to improve intake and status of key micronutrients in European Union population groups and do not contribute appreciably to risk of adverse effects.

scholarly journals Regulatory power, post-crisis transatlantic disputes, and the network structure of the financial industry

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Quaglia
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Hedge Funds ◽  
Financial Regulation ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Financial Industry ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Bank Structure

AbstractThe international financial crisis was followed by waves of domestic regulatory reforms, first and foremost, in the United States and the European Union. Post-crisis financial regulation was sometimes different across jurisdictions. Moreover, the United States and the European Union sought in various ways to (re)assert their regulatory power not only vis-à-vis the market, but also with regard to other jurisdictions, which often resisted the projection of regulatory power beyond national borders. Consequently, a handful of important post-crisis transatlantic regulatory disputes emerged concerning E.U. rules on hedge funds, U.S. rules on bank structure and E.U. and U.S. rules on over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives. These disputes mainly involved the terms of access to each other's markets, the equivalence between domestic rules, and the extraterritorial effects of those rules. Some of these disputes were also intra-E.U. disagreements, whenever the preferences of the United Kingdom were different from those of Continental countries and similar to those of the United States. The network structure of the financial industry and the patterns of financial interdependence across the Atlantic amplified the extra territorial effects of domestic reforms, but at the same time triggered an active involvement of the transnational financial industry in the management and, eventually, the settlement of these disputes.

scholarly journals Gender Equality and Women’s Participation in Transport Cycling

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Prati
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Composite Indicator ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Core ◽  
Women's Participation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Work Knowledge

Population-level health benefits are associated with cycling as a means for day-to-day travel. Several factors inhibit women’s participation in transport cycling. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between gender equality (using the composite indicator of Gender Equality Index and its six core domains plus violence) and women’s participation in transport cycling across the 28 member states of the European Union. The gross domestic product was included as a controlling variable. Results showed that the composite indicator of Gender Equality Index was positively associated with women’s participation in transport cycling. The core domains of money and health were not related to women’s participation in transport cycling. Women’s participation in transport cycling was associated with the following domains: work, knowledge, time, power, and violence. The effect of gender equality varied across different indicators, with the strongest effect size found for time. The traditional sexual division of labour (gender gaps in caring and educating children or grandchildren, as well as in cooking and housework) may inhibit women’s participation in transport cycling.

scholarly journals Inference and Influence of Large-Scale Social Networks Using Snapshot Population Behaviour without Network Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonia Godoy-Lorite ◽  
Nick S. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Mayoral Elections ◽  
Large Scale Network ◽  
Scale Network ◽  
Eu Referendum ◽  
Behaviour Type ◽  
The Eu

Population behaviours, such as voting and vaccination, depend on social networks. Social networks can differ depending on behaviour type and are typically hidden. However, we do often have large-scale behavioural data, albeit only snapshots taken at one timepoint. We present a method that jointly infers large-scale network structure and a networked model of human behaviour using only snapshot population behavioural data. This exploits the simplicity of a few-parameter, geometric socio-demographic network model and a spin-based model of behaviour. We illustrate, for the EU Referendum and two London Mayoral elections, how the model offers both prediction and the interpretation of our homophilic inclinations. Beyond offering the extraction of behaviour-specific network-structure from large-scale behavioural datasets, our approach yields a crude calculus linking inequalities and social preferences to behavioural outcomes. We give examples of potential network-sensitive policies: how changes to income inequality, a social temperature and homophilic preferences might have reduced polarisation in a recent election.

scholarly journals Assessing the benefits of sustainability certification of biofuels: how much are consumers willing to pay?

New Medit ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azucena Gracia ◽  
Jesús Barreiro-Hurlé ◽  
Luis Pérez y Pérez
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Choice Experiment ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
The Other ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Petrol Station ◽  
Almost All

The European Union (EU) considers biofuels as an option to reduce GHG emissions. However, biofuels mandates are controversial because of the concerns regarding unintended environmental, social and economic consequences. EU renewable energy directives introduced some requirements that biofuels should meet to be certified as sustainable. Today almost all the EU’s biofuel consumption intended for transport complies with the EU’s sustainability requirements. This paper investigates social preferences in Spain for sustainable biofuels and, in particular, the willingness to pay (WTP) for sustainable biodiesel. To do that, a choice experiment approach was used with data from a survey conducted in Zaragoza. Results indicate that consumers are willing to pay, a premium of 5% for biodiesel. This premium is slightly lower than the extra-price they are willing to pay for the convenience of finding biodiesel in their usual petrol station (6%). We identified two segments of consumers according to their WTP for the different biodiesel characteristics. One segment was more willing to pay for biodiesel while the other one attached more importance to fuelling convenience and biodiesel availability. , ,

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