scholarly journals Evaluating the mineral commodity supply risk of the U.S. manufacturing sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. eaay8647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nedal T. Nassar ◽  
Jamie Brainard ◽  
Andrew Gulley ◽  
Ross Manley ◽  
Grecia Matos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Risk Modeling ◽  
Supply Risk ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Supply Disruption ◽  
Resource Nationalism ◽  
Mineral Commodity ◽  
Mineral Commodities ◽  
The U.S

Trade tensions, resource nationalism, and various other factors are increasing concerns regarding the supply reliability of nonfuel mineral commodities. This is especially the case for commodities required for new and emerging technologies ranging from electric vehicles to wind turbines. In this analysis, we use a conventional risk-modeling framework to develop and apply a new methodology for assessing the supply risk to the U.S. manufacturing sector. Specifically, supply risk is defined as the confluence of three factors: the likelihood of a foreign supply disruption, the dependency of U.S. manufacturers on foreign supplies, and the ability of U.S. manufacturers to withstand a supply disruption. The methodology is applied to 52 commodities for the decade spanning 2007–2016. The results indicate that a subset of 23 commodities, including cobalt, niobium, rare earth elements, and tungsten, pose the greatest supply risk. This supply risk is dynamic, shifting with changes in global market conditions.

The Significance of Government's Role in Technology Standardization

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
DongBack Seo
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communications ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Technology Market ◽  
Early Decision ◽  
Korean Market ◽  
The U.S

For first generation (1G) wireless communications technology standards, the Japanese government’s early decision provided an opportunity for its national manufacturers to be first movers in the global market, while the late development of wireless communications in Korea made the Korean market dependent on foreign manufacturers by adopting the U.S. standard (AMPS). Moving toward the 2G wireless technology market, both countries decided to develop standards instead of adopting a technology from outside their regions. Japan developed its own standard, PDC, while Korea developed CDMA systems with Qualcomm, the U.S. technology provider. Although these governments’ decisions on technologies looked only slightly different, the socio-economic consequences were greatly distinctive. The Korean success brought not only the rapid development of its domestic market but also opportunities for its manufacturers to become global leaders, while the PDC standard only provided the fast growth of the Japanese domestic market without any opportunities for the Japanese manufacturers to grow further internationally in the 1990s. By the end of 1990s, two nations again had to decide a 3G technology standard with vast challenges and pressures.

scholarly journals Assessment of Perennial Grass Inventories Predicted in the Billion-Ton Studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Sofia Jones ◽  
Stephen W. Searcy ◽  
Laurence M. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Herbaceous Biomass ◽  
Precipitation Total ◽  
Cropland Conversion ◽  
Biomass Availability ◽  
The U.S

Abstract. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has estimated herbaceous biomass availability through simulations with the Policy Analysis System (POLYSYS) agricultural modeling framework. An operational assumption for POLYSYS limited conversion of pastureland to perennial grass crops to counties east of the 100th meridian as a proxy for precipitation sufficient for economically viable yield, but allowed cropland conversion regardless of location. Knowledge of local conditions raised questions about predicted biomass quantities for Texas counties in the 2011 assessment. POLYSYS was rerun with different assumptions, specifically replacing the 100th meridian boundary with annual average precipitation data and limiting cropland conversion in low-rainfall counties. Perennial grass production was found to be overestimated by 8% and 87% in the U.S. and Texas, respectively (at $66.14 DMg-1), when limiting all land conversion to regions with >635 mm precipitation. Total herbaceous biomass predicted was approximately the same as in the BT2, but the biomass geographical location changed across the nation. Texas’ biomass contribution decreased from 6% to 1% at $66.14 DMg-1 and from 16% to 11% at $88.18 DMg-1. Subsequent to this research being conducted, the DOE released the 2016 biomass inventory assessment, and these results are compared to those newest estimates. Keywords: Billion-Ton Study, Biomass, Perennial grass, Precipitation, Switchgrass.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Hannah Holleman
Keyword(s):  
Global Market ◽  
Dust Storms ◽  
Dust Bowl ◽  
Static Electricity ◽  
Southern Plains ◽  
The World ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Crop Agriculture ◽  
The U.S

This introductory chapter provides a background of the 1930s Dust Bowl on the U.S. southern plains, where the ancient grasslands that protected the soil from prairie winds and rains and nourished regional species were destroyed within just a few decades, following the violent opening of the plains to white settlement and the global market in the 1800s. Under pressure from the vagaries of the world economy, settlers sheared the land to expand cash-crop agriculture and ranching. As major drought descended on the plains, winds and static electricity lifted the desiccated, exposed topsoil, forming dust storms on an unprecedented scale. Such massive loss of soil and continued dry conditions meant the land could no longer support life as it once had. By the end of the 1930s, tens of thousands of people were displaced. Hence, when scientists today predict the increasing possibility of Dust Bowl-like conditions, they are signaling a particular kind of extreme ecological and social change.

scholarly journals The Economic Underpinnings of the Drug Epidemic

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Seltzer
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Markets ◽  
Drug Overdose ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
State Level ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Transformative Change ◽  
Drug Deaths ◽  
Overdose Deaths ◽  
The U.S

U.S. labor markets have experienced transformative change over the past half century. Spurred on by global economic change, robotization, and the decline of labor unions, state labor markets have shifted away from an occupational regime dominated by the production of goods to one characterized by the provision of services. Prior studies have proposed that deterioration of employment opportunities may be associated with the rise of substance use disorders and drug overdose deaths, yet no clear link between changes in labor market dynamics in the U.S. manufacturing sector and drug overdose deaths has been established. Using restricted-use vital registration records between 1999-2017 that comprise over 700,000 drug deaths, I test two questions. First, what is the association between manufacturing decline and drug and opioid overdose mortality rates? Second, how much of the increase in these drug-related outcomes can be accounted for by manufacturing decline? The findings provide strong evidence that restructuring of the U.S. labor market has played an important upstream role in the current drug crisis. Up to 77,000 overdose deaths for men and up to 40,000 overdose deaths for women are attributable to the decline of state-level manufacturing over this nearly two-decade period. These results persist in models that adjust for other social, economic, and policy trends changing at the same time, including the supply of prescription opioids. Critically, the findings signal the value of policy interventions that aim to reduce persistent economic precarity experienced by individuals and communities, especially the economic strain placed upon the middle class.

scholarly journals The Rise of Robots in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Cheng ◽  
Ruixue Jia ◽  
Dandan Li ◽  
Hongbin Li
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Industrial Robots ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Employee Survey ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Firm Level Data ◽  
Aggregate Industry

China is the world’s largest user of industrial robots. In 2016, sales of industrial robots in China reached 87,000 units, accounting for around 30 percent of the global market. To put this number in perspective, robot sales in all of Europe and the Americas in 2016 reached 97,300 units (according to data from the International Federation of Robotics). Between 2005 and 2016, the operational stock of industrial robots in China increased at an annual average rate of 38 percent. In this paper, we describe the adoption of robots by China’s manufacturers using both aggregate industry-level and firm-level data, and we provide possible explanations from both the supply and demand sides for why robot use has risen so quickly in China. A key contribution of this paper is that we have collected some of the world’s first data on firms’ robot adoption behaviors with our China Employer-Employee Survey (CEES), which contains the first firm-level data that is representative of the entire Chinese manufacturing sector.

scholarly journals Servant Leadership and Innovative Behaviour: An Empirical Analysis of Ghana’s Manufacturing Sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 6273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mavis Agyemang Opoku ◽  
Suk Bong Choi ◽  
Seung-Wan Kang
Keyword(s):  
Servant Leadership ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Measurement Model ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Mediation Effects ◽  
Innovative Behaviour ◽  
Perceived Insider Status

In the competitive global market, innovation is vital to a firm’s longevity. To this end, organisations seek new and alternative ways to motivate employee innovation. This study examines the role of servant leadership as an antecedent to innovation. Drawing on the social identity model, this study examines the effect of servant leadership, team-member exchange (TMX) and perceived insider status on employee innovative behaviour. Primary data were collected from six manufacturing companies in Ghana. Using a sample of 213 employees and their immediate supervisors, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test the discriminant validity of our measurement model. Hierarchical multiple regression was then used to determine direct and interaction effects, followed by bootstrapping tests to identify mediation and moderated mediation effects. The results showed that servant leadership and TMX are significantly related to perceived insider status. The bootstrapping indirect test and Sobel test demonstrated that perceived insider status mediates the relationship between servant leadership and innovative work behaviour. Moreover, the mediated relationship is only significant when TMX is low. This study empirically validated servant leadership as an antecedent to employee innovative behaviour. The findings demonstrated that perceived insider status is a mediating mechanism in this relationship, with TMX as its boundary condition.

Strategic Impacts of Advanced Manufacturing Technology on American Textile Industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory W. Ulferts ◽  
Terry L. Howard ◽  
Nicholas J. Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Textile Manufacturing ◽  
The U.S

This article describes how U.S. manufacturing was stricken when companies embraced outsourcing beginning in the 1990s as a strategy for taking advantage of lower labor costs in developing countries. The U.S. textile and apparel industries lost 76.5% of its workforce, or 1.2 million jobs, between 1990 and 2012. The catalyst which has renewed the interest in manufacturing textiles and apparel in the United States is the narrowing gap between the U.S. and Asian labor costs. The sector changed in response to technology and the global market, and both the number and type of employees demanded turned as well. The advanced technology currently drives the domestic textile industry. Despite a positive outlook on growth, it is unlikely that textile manufacturing will create the large number of jobs that it did in the past. Furthermore, it is only viable because of the technological improvements to its factories. The current production is designed to employ fewer workers in order be more productive and less dependent on labor costs. Nevertheless, the high demand for specialized and unique textiles in the U.S. and Europe will likely continue to drive improved manufacturing technology and performance. China's transition from a manufacturing economy to a service economy will increase its manufacturing operational costs, while probably growing demand for the sorts of specialized textiles on which American textile manufacturers tend to focus. If such manufacturers can increase their market shares in China and other Asian countries, while maintaining such markets in the U.S. and Europe, the American textile manufacturing industry will likely grow at a moderately high rate.

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