scholarly journals Stress, novel sex genes, and epigenetic reprogramming orchestrate socially controlled sex change

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
pp. eaaw7006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica V. Todd ◽  
Oscar Ortega-Recalde ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Melissa S. Lamm ◽  
Kim M. Rutherford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Process ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Sex Change ◽  
Epigenetic Reprogramming ◽  
Stress Axis ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Epigenetic Machinery ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Early Developmental

Bluehead wrasses undergo dramatic, socially cued female-to-male sex change. We apply transcriptomic and methylome approaches in this wild coral reef fish to identify the primary trigger and subsequent molecular cascade of gonadal metamorphosis. Our data suggest that the environmental stimulus is exerted via the stress axis and that repression of the aromatase gene (encoding the enzyme converting androgens to estrogens) triggers a cascaded collapse of feminizing gene expression and identifies notable sex-specific gene neofunctionalization. Furthermore, sex change involves distinct epigenetic reprogramming and an intermediate state with altered epigenetic machinery expression akin to the early developmental cells of mammals. These findings reveal at a molecular level how a normally committed developmental process remains plastic and is reversed to completely alter organ structures.

scholarly journals Stress, novel sex genes and epigenetic reprogramming orchestrate socially-controlled sex change

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica V Todd ◽  
Oscar Ortega-Recalde ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Melissa S Lamm ◽  
Kim M Rutherford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Process ◽  
Sex Change ◽  
Epigenetic Reprogramming ◽  
Stress Axis ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Epigenetic Machinery ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
Epigenomic Reprogramming

AbstractBluehead wrasses undergo dramatic, socially-cued female to male sex change. We apply transcriptomic and methylome approaches in this wild coral reef fish to identify the primary trigger and subsequent molecular cascade of gonadal metamorphosis. Our data suggest that the environmental stimulus is exerted via the stress axis, that repression of the aromatase gene (encoding the enzyme converting androgens to estrogens) triggers a cascaded collapse of feminizing gene expression, and identifies notable sex-specific gene neofunctionalization. Furthermore, sex change involves distinct epigenetic reprogramming and an intermediate state with altered epigenetic machinery expression akin to the early developmental cells of mammals. These findings reveal at a molecular level how a normally committed developmental process remains plastic and is reversed to completely alter organ structures.One Sentence SummaryOvary to testis transformation in a sex-changing fish involves transcriptomic and epigenomic reprogramming.

scholarly journals The detection of female cell activity in male sex chromosome chimeric Rideau Arcott sheep, using the Xist gene product as a marker

SURG Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Okimi Peters ◽  
W. Allan King
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Xist Gene ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Xist Expression ◽  
Female Cell ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Xy Female

The detection of the SRY (Sex-determining region on the Y chromosome) gene is a popular method used for the identification of freemartins (XX/XY female chimeras). This method relies on the fact that the SRY gene is a Y chromosome specific gene and is thus normally only present in males therefore detecting its presence in a female indicates the presence of male cells (XY cells) within the female. This concept can be extrapolated to the male counterparts of freemartins with regards to the Xist gene. This gene is normally only widely expressed in females and can be used as a marker for identifying females. Therefore, detecting Xist gene expression in males (in tissues other than the testes, as the Xist gene is expressed exclusively in the testes of males) may indicate that these males contain transcriptionally competent female cells and thus necessarily labels them as sex-chromosome chimeras. In the present study four previously identified male sex chromosome chimeras were screened for the expression of the Xist gene using reverse transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and it was detected in three of the four chimeras. Xist expression was not detected in one of the chimeras because the proportion of female cells in its blood is significantly low and thus it is likely that the blood sample used in the study did not possess female cells. None-the-less it was concluded that the detection of Xist expression in male sex chromosome chimeras can be used as an indication of the presence and transcriptional competence of female cells within them.

scholarly journals Restraint Stress in Mice Alters Set of 25 miRNAs Which Regulate Stress- and Depression-Related mRNAs

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 9469
Author(s):  
Joanna Solich ◽  
Maciej Kuśmider ◽  
Agata Faron-Górecka ◽  
Paulina Pabian ◽  
Marta Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Norepinephrine Transporter ◽  
Mouse Serum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Differentially Expressed Mirnas ◽  
Mirnas Expression

In the present study, we aim to identify the effect of restrain stress (RS) on the expression of miRNAs in mouse serum. We used three genotypes of animals (mice with knock-out of the gene-encoding norepinephrine transporter, NET-KO; C57BL/6J, and SWR/J) which had previously been shown to display different sensitivity to RS, and focused on miRNAs which were altered by RS in the serum of all three genotypes. An analysis of miRNAs expression allowed for the identification of a set of 25 differentially expressed miRNAs; 10 were down-regulated compared to an appropriate control group of animals, while 15 were up-regulated. The application of DIANA-miRPath v. 3.0 allowed for the identification of selected pathways (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) categories that were significantly controlled by these miRNAs, while miRWalk v. 3.0—the platform that used the machine learning based algorithm, TaRPmiR—was used to find their targets. The results indicate that 25 miRNAs, identified as altered upon RS in three genotypes of mice, are responsible for regulation of mRNA-encoding proteins that are key for the main hypotheses of depression; therefore, they may help to understand the link between stress and depression at the molecular level.

Molecular characterization of a phloem-specific gene encoding the filament protein, Phloem Protein 1 (PP1), from Cucurbita maxima

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. Clark ◽  
Karin R. Jacobsen ◽  
Dwight E. Bostwick ◽  
Joanne M. Dannenhoffer ◽  
Megan I. Skaggs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Cucurbita Maxima ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Phloem Protein ◽  
Filament Protein

Reproduction in Australian Pearl Oysters (Lamellibranchia). III. Pinctada albina (Lamarck): Breeding Season and Sexuality

1958 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Tranter
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cell ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sex Change ◽  
The Body ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Food Reserve ◽  
Pearl Oysters ◽  
Male Sex

Plnctada albina breeds continuously throughout the year, but most actively during April and May when sea temperatures begin to fall. Thus the species resembles the majority of tropical marine invertebrates in the former respect but differs from them in the latter. The heaviest spatfalls occur from June to August when sea temperatures are at a minimum. This species is hermaphrodite, with a, general tendency toward protandry. Both male-female and female-male sex changes, and the bisexual condition which sometimes prevails during change-over, have been observed. Sex change in bivalves is discussed, and it is suggested that the phenomenon can best be explained in terms of a weak hereditary sex-determining mechanism, and germ cell rudiments responsive to the food reserve level in the body such that male differentiation is favoured at lower levels and female differentiation at higher levels.

The mid-life male sex-change applicant: A multiclinic survey

1984 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard B. Roback ◽  
Elyse Schwartz Felleman ◽  
Stephen I. Abramowitz
Keyword(s):  
Sex Change ◽  
Male Sex
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