scholarly journals Fruit scent as an evolved signal to primate seed dispersal

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. eaat4871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omer Nevo ◽  
Diary Razafimandimby ◽  
Juan Antonio James Jeffrey ◽  
Stefan Schulz ◽  
Manfred Ayasse
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Communication Channel ◽  
Plant Reproduction ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Fruit Traits ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Seed Dispersers ◽  
Primate Seed Dispersal

The tremendous diversity of floral and fruit traits is, to a large extent, a set of adaptations that promote plant reproduction through animal pollinators and seed dispersers. Yet, it is still unknown whether fruit scent is a by-product of fruit maturation or an evolved communication channel with animal mutualists. We show that in species that specialize on seed dispersal by lemurs—an olfactorily oriented primate—fruits increase scent production and change their chemical composition significantly more than sympatric species whose seeds are largely dispersed by birds. We further show that lemurs use these shifts in fruit scent to identify ripe fruits. These results show that fruit scent is an evolved communication system that facilitates animal-plant mutualism.

Functional importance of avian seed dispersers changes in response to human-induced forest edges in tropical seed-dispersal networks

Oecologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 176 (3) ◽  
pp. 837-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Saavedra ◽  
Isabell Hensen ◽  
Stephan G. Beck ◽  
Katrin Böhning-Gaese ◽  
Denis Lippok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Forest Edges ◽  
Functional Importance ◽  
Seed Dispersers

scholarly journals Fruit-eating fishes of Banara arguta (Salicaceae) in the Miranda River floodplain, Pantanal wetland

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Costa-Pereira ◽  
Francisco Severo-Neto ◽  
Tamires Soares Yule ◽  
Ana Paula Tinti Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Fish Assemblage ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Dispersal Strategy ◽  
Ecological Consequences ◽  
River Floodplain ◽  
Seed Dispersers ◽  
Pantanal Wetland

The role of fish as frugivorous and its ecological consequences are often neglected in ecological studies. However, the importance of the interaction between fish and plants is gaining force in scientific literature, and fish has been considered effective seed dispersers. The fruit-eating fish assemblage of Banara arguta (Salicaceae) was evaluated in Southern Pantanal wetlands. Nine species were reported consuming fruits, with different strategies to capture them. The distribution of B. arguta associated with the Pantanal floodplain and the presence of several species of fruit-eating fish, suggest that ichthyochory can be an important seed dispersal strategy to B. arguta.

scholarly journals Pericarp development in fruit of epiphytic cacti: implications for fruit classification and macro-morphology in the Cactaceae

Botany ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (9) ◽  
pp. 621-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odair José Garcia de Almeida ◽  
Luiz Antonio de Souza ◽  
Adelita Aparecida Sartori Paoli ◽  
Arthur R. Davis ◽  
J. Hugo Cota-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Cell Expansion ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Reproductive Structures ◽  
The Family ◽  
Dry Fruit

The family Cactaceae exhibits an assortment of fleshy and dry fruit types with various shapes dictated by the gynoecium outline and surrounding pericarpel. Consequently, conflicting terminology exists regarding cactus fruit classification because the fruit is a complex structure in which various floral parts participate in development. We examined fruit morphogenesis in four epiphytic cacti and provided a description of developmental events from post-anthesis to fruit maturation, which unveiled new structures valuable in fruit characterisation and taxonomy of the Hylocereeae and Rhipsalideae. Succinctly, the cactus fruit is a carpellar ovary embedded in a long-shoot (pericarpel). The pericarp originates from five components: internal ovarian epidermis that delimits the fruit locule, ovary (proper), collateral vascular bundles, pericarpel (receptacular origin), and external pericarpel epidermis. In addition, cell expansion and stored mucilage, a sticky substance involved in seed dispersal, occurs during fruit development. We propose the term cactidium, a complex fruit with accessory structures of pericarpellar origin surrounding the gynoecial boundary, to describe the cactus fruit. This term is appropriate because members of the Cactaceae bear unique traits, such as areoles in the reproductive structures (pericarpel), which may produce scale-leaves, bristles, and spines.

scholarly journals Anachronic Fruit Traits and Natural History Suggest Extinct Megafauna Herbivores as the Dispersers of an Endangered Tree

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1492
Author(s):  
Diego Muñoz-Concha ◽  
Karla Muñoz ◽  
Andrea P. Loayza
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Fruit Traits ◽  
Endangered Tree ◽  
Endangered Tree Species ◽  
Dispersal Syndrome ◽  
Fruit Processing ◽  
Feeding Trials ◽  
Low Efficiency

Megafaunal seed dispersal syndrome refers to a group of traits attributed to the evolution of plants in the presence of large mammals. Present-day plants that bear these traits in areas where megafauna are absent are presumed to represent anachronic dispersal systems. Gomortega keule is an endangered tree species from a monotypic family (Gomortegaceae), endemic to Chile. Its fruit traits suggest adaptation to seed dispersal by large vertebrates; however, none are present today along its area of distribution. Here, we conducted a detailed revision on the fruit morphology of G. keule to examine whether its fruit traits fit a megafaunal dispersal syndrome. Additionally, we examined the fruit processing behavior of large domestic and captive wild animals fed with G. keule fruits, and its effect on germination. G. keule fruits had traits consistent with those of a Type 1 megafaunal fruit. Compared to intact, whole stones, seed germination probabilities decreased when fruits were handled by animals, suggesting that the seed was damaged during mastication and/or ingestion. Moreover, results from our feeding trials with elephants may also imply low efficiency of extinct gomphotheres as seed dispersers of this species. Our results also suggest that although domestic animals may disperse G. keule, it is unlikely that at present they can substitute the services of its original dispersers. Further investigation on seedling survival, local livestock management and forest management practices may help reinstate sexual regeneration in G. keule. Finally, integrating observations on fruit ecology and local people’s knowledge with experimental data enriches our species-centered approach and may help to address regeneration problems in other endangered plants.

scholarly journals Seed dispersal increases local species richness and reduces spatial turnover of tropical tree seedlings

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (40) ◽  
pp. 10689-10694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Wandrag ◽  
Amy E. Dunham ◽  
Richard P. Duncan ◽  
Haldre S. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Species Turnover ◽  
Spatial Diversity ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Regional Patterns ◽  
Local Species Richness ◽  
Seed Dispersers ◽  
Open Question

Dispersal is thought to be a key process underlying the high spatial diversity of tropical forests. Just how important dispersal is in structuring plant communities is nevertheless an open question because it is very difficult to isolate dispersal from other processes, and thereby measure its effect. Using a unique situation, the loss of vertebrate seed dispersers on the island of Guam and their presence on the neighboring islands of Saipan and Rota, we quantify the contribution of vertebrate seed dispersal to spatial patterns of diversity of tree seedlings in treefall gaps. The presence of vertebrate seed dispersers approximately doubled seedling species richness within canopy gaps and halved species turnover among gaps. Our study demonstrates that dispersal plays a key role in maintaining local and regional patterns of diversity, and highlights the potential for ongoing declines in vertebrate seed dispersers to profoundly alter tropical forest composition.

High Altitude Platform-Based Communication System under LDPC Coding in DVB-S2 Standard

2014 ◽  
Vol 602-605 ◽  
pp. 3687-3692
Author(s):  
Jian Yun Zheng ◽  
Kai Ji ◽  
Yi Sheng Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Communication System ◽  
Communication Channel ◽  
Numerical Results ◽  
Code Length ◽  
High Altitude Platform ◽  
Modulation Methods

The statistical model is used for analyzing the characteristic of the HAP-based communication channel, the structure and algorithm of LDPC encoding and decoding in DVB-S2 are studied, the LDPC BICM system over the HAP-based communication channel are established. Numerical results show the effects of different code length and coderate under different modulation methods.

scholarly journals Primate seed dispersal leaves spatial genetic imprint throughout subsequent life stages of the Neotropical tree Parkia panurensis

Trees ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1569-1575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Bialozyt ◽  
Kathrin Luettmann ◽  
Inga M. Michalczyk ◽  
Pedro Pablo Pinedo Saboya ◽  
Birgit Ziegenhagen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Neotropical Tree ◽  
Primate Seed Dispersal

Primate Seed Dispersal: The Fate of Dispersed Seeds

Biotropica ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin A. Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Seed Dispersal ◽  
Primate Seed Dispersal
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