scholarly journals Pre-Gondwanan-breakup origin ofBeauprea(Proteaceae) explains its historical presence in New Caledonia and New Zealand

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. e1501648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianhua He ◽  
Byron B. Lamont ◽  
Bruno Fogliani
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Phylogenetic Relations ◽  
Southeastern Australia ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Historical Presence ◽  
Fossil Records ◽  
Transoceanic Dispersal

New Caledonia and New Zealand belong to the now largely submerged continent Zealandia. Their high levels of endemism and species richness are usually considered the result of transoceanic dispersal events followed by diversification after they re-emerged from the Pacific Ocean in the mid-Cenozoic. We explore the origin and evolutionary history ofBeauprea(Proteaceae), which is now endemic to New Caledonia but was once spread throughout eastern Gondwana, including New Zealand. We review the extensiveBeauprea-type pollen data in the fossil records and analyze the relationship of these fossil taxa to extant genera within Proteaceae. We further reconstruct the phylogenetic relations among nine extant species ofBeaupreaand estimate the age of theBeaupreaclade. By incorporating extinct taxa into theBeaupreaphylogenetic tree, we reconstruct the ancient distribution of this genus. Our analysis shows thatBeaupreaoriginated c. 88 Ma (million years ago) in Antarctica–Southeastern Australia and spread throughout Gondwana before its complete breakup. We propose thatBeauprea, already existing as two lineages, was carried with Zealandia when it separated from the rest of Gondwana c. 82 Ma, thus supporting an autochthonous origin forBeaupreaspecies now in New Caledonia and historically in New Zealand up to 1 Ma. We show that the presence ofBeaupreathrough transoceanic dispersal is implausible. This means that neither New Caledonia nor New Zealand has been entirely submerged since the Upper Cretaceous; thus, possible vicariance and allopatry must be taken into account when considering the high levels of endemism and species richness of these island groups.

Evolutionary biogeography and tectonic history of the ghost moth families Hepialidae, Mnesarchaeidae, and Palaeosetidae in the Southwest Pacific (Lepidoptera: Exoporia)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4415 (2) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN R. GREHAN ◽  
CARLOS G.C. MIELKE
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Fault Zone ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Lateral Displacement ◽  
Southwest Pacific ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Distribution Ranges ◽  
History Of

The biogeographic history of Exoporia (Lepidoptera) in the Southwest Pacific is reconstructed for genera and species that show distributional boundaries corresponding to tectonic structures in the region. Correlations with tectonic formations of Mesozoic origin such as the Whitsunday Volcanic Province and Otway-Bass-Gippsland Basin system in Australia, the Vitiaz Fracture Zone in northern Melanesia, and the Western Province-Eastern Province boundary, Waitaki Fault Zone, and Waihemo Fault Zone of New Zealand are presented as evidence of an East Gondwana origin for genera and species before the geological separation of Australia and New Zealand. The correlated boundaries also suggest that many extant species retain at least parts of their original East Gondwana distribution ranges. The presence of Exoporia on the northern Melanesian Arc, New Caledonia, and New Zealand is attributed to the tectonic isolation of these areas when East Gondwana expanded into the Pacific following retreat of the Pacific Plate subduction zone. Local endemism of Mnesarchaeidae in New Zealand is interpreted as the result of an original vicariance from a widespread ancestor (‘Exoporia’) resulting in two allopatric descendants —a narrowly distributed Mnesarchoidea and a widely distributed Hepialoidea. The current overlap of these two groups in New Zealand is explained as the result of subsequent range expansion by the Hepialoidea prior to geological fragmentation of East Gondwana. The potential impact of Cretaceous geography on modern distributions is also considered for Exoporia in southern Africa and northern America. Along with lateral displacement of Exoporia, tectonic processes also contributed to the origin of high elevation endemics through a process of passive tectonic uplift. 

Phylogeny and biogeography of the Australasian centipede Henicops (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha): A combined morphological and molecular approach

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Colgan ◽  
Gregory Edgecombe ◽  
Deirdre Sharkey
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Western Australia ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Southeastern Australia ◽  
Lord Howe Island ◽  
Eastern Australia

AbstractThe lithobiomorph centipede Henicops is widely distributed in Australia and New Zealand, with five described species, as well as two species in New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island. Parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of ca. 800 aligned bases of sequence data from 16S rRNA and 28S rRNA were conducted on a dataset including multiple individuals of Henicops species from populations sampled from different parts of species' geographic ranges, together with the allied henicopines Lamyctes and Easonobius. Morphological characters are included in parsimony analyses. Molecular and combined datasets unite species from eastern Australia and New Zealand to the exclusion of species from Western Australia, New Caledonia and Lord Howe Island. The molecular data favour these two geographic groupings as clades, whereas inclusion of morphology resolves New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island, southwest Western Australia and Queensland as successive sisters to southeastern Australia and New Zealand. The basal position of the Lord Howe Island species in the phylogeny favours a diversification of Australasian Henicops since the late Miocene unless the Lord Howe species originated in a biota that pre-dates the island. The molecular and combined data resolve the widespread morphospecies H. maculatus as paraphyletic, with its populations contributing to the geographic groupings New South Wales + New Zealand and Tasmania + Victoria.

scholarly journals Integrative taxonomy and analysis of species richness patterns of nocturnal Darwin wasps of the genus Enicospilus Stephens (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ophioninae) in Japan

ZooKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 990 ◽  
pp. 1-144
Author(s):  
So Shimizu ◽  
Gavin R. Broad ◽  
Kaoru Maeto
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Integrative Taxonomy ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Japanese Species ◽  
Diversity Gradient ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Taxonomic Framework

The predominantly tropical ophionine genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 is one of the largest genera of Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae), with more than 700 extant species worldwide that are usually crepuscular or nocturnal and are parasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae. In the present study, the Japanese species of Enicospilus are revised using an integrative approach (combined morphology and DNA barcoding). On the basis of 3,110 specimens, 47 Enicospilus species are recognised in Japan, eight of which are new species (E. acutus Shimizu, sp. nov., E. kunigamiensis Shimizu, sp. nov., E. limnophilus Shimizu, sp. nov., E. matsumurai Shimizu, sp. nov., E. pseudopuncticulatus Shimizu, sp. nov., E. sharkeyi Shimizu, sp. nov., E. takakuwai Shimizu, sp. nov., and E. unctus Shimizu, sp. nov.), seven are new records from Japan (E. jilinensis Tang, 1990, E. laqueatus (Enderlein, 1921), E. multidens Chiu, 1954, stat. rev., E. puncticulatus Tang, 1990, E. stenophleps Cushman, 1937, E. vestigator (Smith, 1858), and E. zeugos Chiu, 1954, stat. rev.), 32 had already been recorded in Japan; three (E. biharensis Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961, E. flavicaput (Morley, 1912), and E. merdarius (Gravenhorst, 1829)) have been erroneously recorded from Japan based on misidentifications, and four names that were previously on the Japanese list are deleted through synonymy. The following taxonomic changes are proposed: E. vacuus Gauld & Mitchell, 1981, syn. nov. (= E. formosensis (Uchida, 1928)); E. multidensstat. rev.; E. striatus Cameron, 1899, syn. nov. = E. lineolatus (Roman, 1913), syn. nov. = E. uniformis Chiu, 1954, syn. nov. = E. flatus Chiu, 1954, syn. nov. = E. gussakovskii Viktorov, 1957, syn. nov. = E. striolatus Townes, Townes & Gupta, 1961, syn. nov. = E. unicornis Rao & Nikam, 1969, syn. nov. = E. unicornis Rao & Nikam, 1970, syn. nov. (= E. pungens (Smith, 1874)); E. iracundus Chiu, 1954, syn. nov. (= E. sakaguchii (Matsumura & Uchida, 1926)); E. sigmatoides Chiu, 1954, syn. nov. (= E. shikokuensis (Uchida, 1928)); E. yamanakai (Uchida, 1930), syn. nov. (= E. shinkanus (Uchida, 1928)); E. ranunculus Chiu, 1954, syn. nov. (= E. yezoensis (Uchida, 1928)); and E. zeugosstat. rev. = E. henrytownesi Chao & Tang, 1991, syn. nov. In addition, the following new regional and country records are also provided: E. flavocephalus (Kirby, 1900), E. puncticulatus, and E. vestigator from the Eastern Palaearctic region, E. laqueatus from the Eastern Palaearctic and Oceanic regions, and E. maruyamanus (Uchida, 1928) from the Oriental region; E. abdominalis (Szépligeti, 1906) from Nepal, E. flavocephalus from Laos, E. formosensis from Laos and Malaysia, E. insinuator (Smith, 1860) from Taiwan, E. maruyamanus from India and Philippines, E. nigronotatus Cameron, 1903, E. riukiuensis (Matsumura & Uchida, 1926), and E. sakaguchii from Indonesia, E. pungens from 14 countries (Australia, Bhutan, Brunei, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, and Taiwan), and E. yezoensis from South Korea. An identification key to all Japanese species of Enicospilus is proposed. Although 47 species are recognised in the present study, approximately 55 species could potentially be found in Japan based on ACE and Chao 1 estimators. The latitudinal diversity gradient of Enicospilus species richness is also tested in the Japanese archipelago based on the constructed robust taxonomic framework and extensive samples. Enicospilus species richness significantly increases towards the south, contrary to the ‘anomalous’ pattern of some other ichneumonid subfamilies.

scholarly journals Decolonisation Processes in the South Pacific Islands: A Comparative Analysis between Metropolitan Powers

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Paul De Deckker
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Pacific Islands ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Free Association ◽  
South Pacific ◽  
French Polynesia ◽  
The South ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
South Pacific Islands

The South Pacific islands came late, by comparison with Asia and Africa, to undertake the decolonising process. France was the first colonial power in the region to start off this process in accordance with the decision taken in Paris to pave the way to independence for African colonies. The Loi-cadre Defferre in 1957, voted in Parliament, was applied to French Polynesia and New Caledonia as it was to French Africa. Territorial governments were elected in both these Pacific colonies in 1957. They were abolished in 1963 after the return to power of General de Gaulle who decided to use Moruroa for French atomic testing. The status quo ante was then to prevail in New Caledonia and French Polynesia up to today amidst statutory crises. The political evolution of the French Pacific, including Wallis and Futuna, is analysed in this article. Great Britain, New Zealand and Australia were to conform to the 1960 United Nations' recommendations to either decolonise, integrate or provide to Pacific colonies self-government in free association with the metropolitan power. Great Britain granted constitutional independence to all of its colonies in the Pacific except Pitcairn. The facts underlying this drastic move are analysed in the British context of the 1970's, culminating in the difficult independence of Vanuatu in July 1980. New Zealand and Australia followed the UN recommendations and granted independence or self-government to their colonial territories. In the meantime, they reinforced their potential to dominate the South Pacific in the difficult geopolitical context of the 1980s. American Micronesia undertook statutory evolution within a strategic framework. What is at stake today within the Pacific Islands is no longer of a political nature; it is financial.

Deepwater crabs from seamounts and chemosynthetic habitats off eastern New Zealand (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura)

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1708 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHANE T. AHYONG
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Cold Seep ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
West Pacific ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
First Time

Deepwater crabs from seamounts and chemosynthetic habitats off eastern New Zealand are reported. Of the 30 species reported, eight are new to science: Cymonomus clarki sp. nov. (Cymonomidae), Dicranodromia delli sp. nov. (Homolodromiidae), Ethusina castro sp. nov. and E. rowdeni sp. nov. (Dorippidae), Trichopeltarion janetae sp. nov. (Atelecyclidae), Mathildella mclayi (Mathildellidae), Neopilumnoplax nieli sp. nov. (Mathildellidae), and Garthambrus tani sp. nov. (Parthenopidae). The dorippids, parthenopids and mathidellids reported here are the first members of these families to be described from New Zealand. Three previously described species are recorded for the first time from New Zealand waters: Dicranodromia spinulata Guinot, 1995 (Homolodromiidae), Intesius richeri Crosnier & Ng, 2004 (Mathildellidae) and Miersiograpsus australiensis Türkay, 1978 (Plagusiidae). The majority of brachyurans from New Zealand seamounts and chemosynthetic habitats are ‘typical’ deepwater forms of which thirteen species are presently unique to New Zealand. At species level, 43% of the seamount and cold-seep brachyurans are apparent New Zealand endemics, with strongest affinities with the eastern Australian fauna (37%). At the generic level, however, congeners of most species reported herein occur widely in the Indo-West Pacific (including eastern Australia and New Caledonia), suggesting that the New Zealand seamount and cold-seep brachyuran fauna is an extension of the tropical Indo-West Pacific fauna. Thirty-three percent (10 of 30 species) of the known New Zealand seamount and cold-seep brachyurans have only been recently discovered indicating that species richness is probably strongly underestimated. A key to the Brachyura known from New Zealand seamounts and chemosynthetic habitats is given.

First record of Systelloderes (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Enicocephalidae) from Ecuador with a list of Ecuadorian Enicocephalomorpha

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4803 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-396
Author(s):  
JUAN CARLOS CARRASCO ◽  
VERONICA CABALLERO-SERRANO ◽  
PETR BAŇAŘ
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
South America ◽  
Central America ◽  
New World ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Single Species ◽  
First Record ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Eastern Hemisphere

The genus Systelloderes Blanchard, 1852 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Enicocephalomorpha: Enicocephalidae), has a nearly cosmopolitan distribution, with the greatest species richness being found in humid tropical and subtropical forests, but species are also present in humid microhabitats of temperate and arid zones (Wygodzinsky & Schmidt 1991). In the Eastern Hemisphere species of Systelloderes occur in continental Africa (22 species, see Villiers 1969; 1976; Maldonado 1988; Baňař 2008); Madagascar (Systelloders milloti Villiers, 1952); New Zealand (see Štys 1970, 2002) and New Caledonia (Systelloders loebli Štys & Baňař, 2007). Two species (S. capillicornis Bergroth, 1918 from Luzon and S. aetherius Bergroth, 1916 from Queensland) originally described as Systelloderes belong to the genus Henschiella Horváth, 1888 (P. Štys, unpublished data). As is frequently the case with Enicocephalomorpha, many species of Systelloderes remain to be described, especially from the Afrotropical, Neotropical and Oriental Regions. There are 13 described Systelloderes species from North and Central America (Wygodzinsky & Schmidt 1991). To date, there are only six described species of Systelloderes from South America: two from Venezuela, and by a single species from Bolivia, Brazil, Chile and Peru each. There are very few additional records of Systelloderes in the New World tropics, including the works of Wolda (1975) and Ospina-Bautista (2018) on Colombia, Parker et al. (2012) on Peru, and Maestre et al. (2001) from Brazil. 

scholarly journals Prioritizing conservation of tropical dry forests in the Pacific

Oryx ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Gillespie ◽  
Kristin O'Neill ◽  
Gunnar Keppel ◽  
Stephanie Pau ◽  
Jean-Yves Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Plant Species Richness ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Tropical Dry Forests ◽  
Conservation Priority ◽  
Dry Forests ◽  
The Pacific

AbstractTo identify forests of high priority for conservation in tropical dry forests of New Caledonia, Fiji, the Marquesas and Hawaii, we examined patterns of woody plant species richness (total, native and endemic) and threatened species (IUCN categorization and density) at the stand level, using Gentry's transect method. There were associations between total, native and endemic plant species richness in all four Pacific dry forest regions but we found no significant association with the presence or density of species listed on the IUCN Red List. Dry forests in New Caledonia and Hawaii merit the highest conservation priority in the Pacific, based on level of endemism and number of threatened species. The study sites that merit high conservation priority are Metzdorf, Nekoro and Pindai, in New Caledonia, Kokee and Kaupulehu, in Hawaii, and Vatia, in Fiji. New Caledonia and Fiji have a small dry forest extent and protected area extent compared with other dry forests in biodiversity hotspots. Although we identified priority areas for dry forest conservation, more comparative plot data, presence/absence data in fragments and regional geographical data are needed to adequately manage and protect dry forests in the Pacific.

Pennathrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a new panchaetothripine genus from New Caledonia

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5016 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
ARTURO GOLDARAZENA ◽  
BRUNO MICHEL ◽  
LAURENCE MOUND
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Digital Microscope ◽  
Endemic Flora ◽  
Species Descriptions ◽  
Technical Platform

The Pacific island of New Caledonia is located about 1500km East of Australia just north of the Tropic of Capricorn. It has a rich endemic flora involving more than 5000 plant species (Endemia.nc 2021; Guillaumin 1948), but the only account of the Thysanoptera fauna apart from some new species descriptions is a check-list of 44 genera and 68 species (Bournier & Mound 2000). Here we describe a new monotypic genus of Panchaetothripinae that has been collected twice in New Caledonia, in 1992 and 2012, but without any information on possible host associations. This genus shares character states with a monobasic genus from New Zealand, but more particularly with a genus of four species endemic to Australia. The Thripidae fauna of New Zealand appears to be well-studied (Mound et al. 2017), with only one or two undescribed species known in collections. The Australian Thysanoptera fauna has also been studied extensively in the past 20 years (Mound & Tree 2020), and few undescribed species of Thripidae are known. In contrast, the Thysanoptera fauna of New Caledonia appears to be largely unexplored, and description here of this new genus serves to emphasize the uniqueness of this fauna. Photographs of the habitus and morphological characters were taken on the technical platform at CBGP (Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations) using a KEYENCE® VHX-5000 digital microscope and a Leica DM5500, and at CSIRO, Canberra using a Leica DM2500 with Nomarski illumination.  

Morphology and relationships of a new species of Henicops (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha) from New South Wales and Queensland, Australia

Zootaxa ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 961 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
GREGORY D. EDGECOMBE ◽  
LAUREN M. HOLLINGTON
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Southeastern Australia ◽  
Lord Howe Island ◽  
South Wales ◽  
A New Species

The henicopid centipede Henicops Newport, 1845, is common and widespread in wet forests in Australia and New Zealand. A new species of Henicops, H. washpoolensis, is widely distributed in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland, ranging into the wet tropics of north Queensland. Parsimony analysis of morphological characters identifies the monophyly of an Australasian group within Henicops relative to more distantly allied species from Lord Howe Island and New Caledonia. The most parsimonious cladograms unite the three species from southeastern Australia and New Zealand to the exclusion of congeners from Western Australia and north Queensland or unite all Australasian species to the exclusion of H. washpoolensis.

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