scholarly journals Environment, host, and fungal traits predict continental-scale white-nose syndrome in bats

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. e1500831 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T. S. Hayman ◽  
Juliet R. C. Pulliam ◽  
Jonathan C. Marshall ◽  
Paul M. Cryan ◽  
Colleen T. Webb
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Nonlinear Interactions ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
White Nose Syndrome ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
Fungal Traits ◽  
The Impact

White-nose syndrome is a fungal disease killing bats in eastern North America, but disease is not seen in European bats and is less severe in some North American species. We show that how bats use energy during hibernation and fungal growth rates under different environmental conditions can explain how some bats are able to survive winter with infection and others are not. Our study shows how simple but nonlinear interactions between fungal growth and bat energetics result in decreased survival times at more humid hibernation sites; however, differences between species such as body size and metabolic rates determine the impact of fungal infection on bat survival, allowing European bat species to survive, whereas North American species can experience dramatic decline.

scholarly journals Crayfish plague affects juvenile survival and adult behaviour of invasive signal crayfish

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (6) ◽  
pp. 706-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Rhidian Thomas ◽  
Chloe V. Robinson ◽  
Agata Mrugała ◽  
Amy R. Ellison ◽  
Emily Matthews ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Native Species ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Juvenile Survival ◽  
Signal Crayfish ◽  
Aphanomyces Astaci ◽  
The North ◽  
High Infection ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe spread of invasive, non-native species is a key threat to biodiversity. Parasites can play a significant role by influencing their invasive host's survival or behaviour, which can subsequently alter invasion dynamics. The North American signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) is a known carrier of Aphanomyces astaci, an oomycete pathogen that is the causative agent of crayfish plague and fatal to European crayfish species, whereas North American species are considered to be largely resistant. There is some evidence, however, that North American species, can also succumb to crayfish plague, though how A. astaci affects such ‘reservoir hosts’ is rarely considered. Here, we tested the impact of A. astaci infection on signal crayfish, by assessing juvenile survival and adult behaviour following exposure to A. astaci zoospores. Juvenile signal crayfish suffered high mortality 4-weeks post-hatching, but not as older juveniles. Furthermore, adult signal crayfish with high-infection levels displayed altered behaviours, being less likely to leave the water, explore terrestrial areas and exhibit escape responses. Overall, we reveal that A. astaci infection affects signal crayfish to a much greater extent than previously considered, which may not only have direct consequences for invasions, but could substantially affect commercially harvested signal crayfish stocks worldwide.

NORTH AMERICAN WATER MITES OF THE FAMILY CHAPPUISIDIDAE MOTAS AND TANASACHI (ACARI: ARRENUROIDEA)

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
North American ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Early Tertiary ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Impact ◽  
First Time

AbstractMorphological and distributional data are presented for North American species of the family Chappuisididae, including members of the genera Chappuisides Szalay (subfamily Chappuisidinae), Uchidastygacarus Imamura (subfamily Uchidastygacarinae), and Morimotacarus Imamura and Yachatsia Cook (subfamily Morimotacarinae). The phylogenetic relationships of mites in these subfamilies with other Arrenuroidea are discussed, leading to the conclusion that mites previously placed in the families Chappuisididae and Uchidastygacaridae Imamura probably represent a single, holophyletic group. As a result, the family Chappuisididae is redefined, and four subfamilies are recognized, namely Chappuisidinae, Uchidastygacarinae Imamura, Tsushimacarinae Cook, and Morimotacarinae Imamura. The name Uchidastygacaridae is placed in synonymy with Chappuisididae. New diagnoses are proposed for the family and subfamilies.Adults of Chappuisides eremitus Cook are redescribed, and adults of seven new species, namely C. anomalus sp.nov., C. neomexicanus sp.nov., C. acadianus sp.nov., C. cooki sp.nov., C. occidentalis sp.nov., C. californicus sp.nov., and C. oregonensis sp. nov., are described for the first time. Deutonymphs of C. acadianus, C. cooki, and C. occidentalis are also described. A new diagnosis is proposed for the genus Chappuisides and subgeneric concepts are reviewed critically.Adults of Uchidastygacarus (Imamurastygacarus) ovalis Cook, U. (s.s.) imamurai Cook, and U. (s.s.) acadiensis Smith are redescribed, largely on the basis of recently collected specimens including the first known adult males of U. (I.) ovalis. Adult males of U. (s.s.) magnificus sp.nov., adult females of U. virginiensis sp.nov., and deutonymphs and adults of both sexes of U. appalachianus sp.nov. are described for the first time. New diagnoses are proposed for the genus Uchidastygacarus and its subgenera.Adults of Morimotacarus nearcticus sp.nov., the first known nearctic species of the genus, are described and adults of Yachatsia mideopsoides Cook are redescribed. Deutonymphs of both of these species are described for the first time. The name Yachatsia euforma Habeeb is placed in synonymy with Y. mideopsoides based on study of type specimens and assessment of variability within populations. New diagnoses are proposed for the genera of Morimotacarinae.A phylogenetic framework for Chappuisididae is outlined and discussed. New distributional data are presented for North American species, permitting the first comprehensive attempt to assess the zoogeography of the family. The family probably differentiated from early derivative mideopsiform arrenuroid stock similar to Nudomideopsidae in Laurasia during the late Cretaceous or early Tertiary. Extant subfamilies apparently originated early in Tertiary times, and the clades that include modern genera dispersed throughout western North America and eastern Asia, and in some cases more extensively on both continents, between the early Tertiary and the Pleistocene. Climatic cooling in late Tertiary times, culminating in glacial episodes during the Pleistocene, resulted in displacement of chappuisidid taxa to various refugial areas south of continental ice sheets. Modern species are in the process of invading recently deglaciated areas in both eastern and western North America, but at differing rates that reflect their vagility, cold-tolerance, and ability to colonize newly established interstitial habitats. Chappuisididae have considerable potential value as indicators of the impact of environmental changes on interstitial freshwater ecosystems.

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF NEOMAMERSINAE LUNDBLAD (ACARI: HYDRACHNIDA: LIMNESIIDAE)

1994 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 1131-1184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian M. Smith ◽  
David R. Cook
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North American ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
North American Species ◽  
Western United States ◽  
Southwestern United States ◽  
Distribution Maps ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMorphological, distributional, and habitat data are presented for North American species of the three genera of the subfamily Neomamersinae, Neomamersa Lundblad, 1953, Arizonacarus gen.nov., and Meramecia Cook, 1963. Neomamersa lundbladi lundbladi Cook, N. lundbladi paucipora Cook, and N. hexapora Cook are redescribed based on examination of types and newly collected specimens, and six new species of Neomamersa from the United States are described, namely N. boultoni sp.nov., N. psammicola sp.nov., N. californica sp.nov., N. chihuahua sp.nov., N. neomexicana sp.nov., and N. cramerae sp.nov. Arizonacarus chiricahuensis gen.nov., sp.nov. is described from the southwestern United States. Meramecia (Meramecia) anisitsipalpis (Cook), M. (Meramecia) perplexa (Cook), and M. (Meramecia) ocularis (Cook) are redescribed based on study of types and newly collected specimens, and M. (Meramecia) occidentalis sp.nov. is described from the western United States. Meramecia (Parameramecia) multipora subgen.nov., sp.nov. is also described from the southwestern United States. Revised diagnoses, keys, and distribution maps are presented for all North American taxa. Phylogenetic relationships of Neomamersinae are discussed, leading to the conclusion that comprehensive reassessment of the families Limnesiidae and Anisitsiellidae is warranted. Consideration of available phylogenetic and distributional data suggests that Neomamersinae originated in Gondwanaland before the separation of India from the rest of the southern supercontinent. Subsequently, the clade evolved and diversified extensively in South America. Neomamersinae apparently first entered North America either by crossing a "filter bridge" during late Cretaceous, Paleocene, or Miocene times or by traversing the corridor established with the formation of the Panamanian Isthmus during the late Pliocene. The group exhibits considerable taxonomic diversity in hyporheic and groundwater habitats in the United States, and the various species represent potentially useful indicators of water quality and the impact of environmental changes on freshwater communities.

scholarly journals Outcomes Related to Percutaneous Nephrostomies (PCN) in Malignancy-Associated Ureteric Obstruction: A Systematic Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2354
Author(s):  
Francesca J. New ◽  
Sally J. Deverill ◽  
Bhaskar K. Somani
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Advanced Cancer ◽  
Previous Treatment ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Ureteric Obstruction ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Advanced Malignancies ◽  
The Impact

Background: Malignant ureteric obstruction occurs in a variety of cancers and has been typically associated with a poor prognosis. Percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) can potentially help increase patient longevity by establishing urinary drainage and treating renal failure. Our aim was to look at the outcomes of PCN in patients with advanced cancer and the impact on the patients’ lifespan and quality of life. Materials and Methods: A literature review was carried out for articles from 2000 to 2020 on PCN in patients with advanced malignancies, using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, clinicaltrials.gov, and Google Scholar. All English-language articles reporting on a minimum of 20 patients who underwent PCN for malignancy-associated ureteric obstruction were included. Results: A total of 21 articles (1674 patients) met the inclusion criteria with a mean of 60.2 years (range: 21–102 years). PCN was performed for ureteric obstruction secondary to urological malignancies (n = −633, 37.8%), gynaecological malignancies (n = 437, 26.1%), colorectal and GI malignancies (n = 216, 12.9%), and other specified malignancies (n = 205, 12.2%). The reported mean survival times varied from 2 to 8.5 months post PCN insertion, with an average survival time of 5.6 months, which depended on the cancer type, stage, and previous treatment. Conclusions: Patients with advanced malignancies who need PCN tend to have a survival rate under 12 months and spend a large proportion of this time in the hospital. Although the advent of newer chemotherapy and immunotherapy options has changed the landscape of managing advanced cancer, decisions on nephrostomy must be balanced with their survival and quality of life, which must be discussed with the patient.

The Constitutional Identity of European Micro States and the Continental Integration Mechanisms. The Influence of the Diminutive Size

ICL Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-165
Author(s):  
Elisa Bertolini
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
National Tradition ◽  
Relevant Role ◽  
Integration Mechanisms ◽  
Traditional Institutions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Constitutional Identity ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThe article analyses the impact that the diminutive size of the four continental Europe micro states has upon their constitutional arrangements and their approach toward continental integration mechanisms. Generally speaking, the international commitment toward integration mechanisms is one of the distinguishing traits of micro states. It may seem a paradox, but actually the international dimension is much more strategic for micro than for macro states. However, being micro territorial enclaves demanded certain ability from the part of European micro states when managing foreign relations in order not to be swallowed by their macro neighbours. Therefore, they carried out for centuries a cautious policy of ‘guarded openness’, trying to strike a balance between the maintenance of their traditional institutions and the need to interact on a continental scale. Constitutional systems that at a first glance are unusual may be an obstacle to integration and thus have to be reformed. However, not too much, because otherwise the whole system may implode if deprived of its original constitutional balance. The protection of national tradition and identity is conservative, in the sense that it arises from the necessity of self-preservation, rather than from ideology. The article claims that the ambivalent approach of continental Europe micro states have when interacting with macro states within the Council of Europe and the EU directly derives from their diminutive size. Furthermore, the relevant role played by the diminutive size is proved by the fact that recently the EU adopted a specific micro states approach. Hence, the article also aims at investigating how they try to strike a balance between the commitment toward self-preservation – ie their constitutional identity – and the commitment toward continental integration mechanisms.

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