Regulation of Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors by G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases: mGlu2 Receptors Are Resistant to Homologous Desensitization

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 991-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Iacovelli ◽  
G. Molinaro ◽  
G. Battaglia ◽  
M. Motolese ◽  
L. Di Menna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptor ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Receptor Kinases ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Homologous Desensitization

scholarly journals Metabotropic glutamate receptors (version 2019.4) in the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology Database

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine Acher ◽  
Giuseppe Battaglia ◽  
Hans Bräuner-Osborne ◽  
P. Jeffrey Conn ◽  
Robert Duvoisin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Transmembrane Domain ◽  
Acid Group ◽  
Allosteric Modulators ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors (nomenclature as agreed by the NC-IUPHAR Subcommittee on Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors [334]) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate. The mGlu family is composed of eight members (named mGlu1 to mGlu8) which are divided in three groups based on similarities of agonist pharmacology, primary sequence and G protein coupling to effector: Group-I (mGlu1 and mGlu5), Group-II (mGlu2 and mGlu3) and Group-III (mGlu4, mGlu6, mGlu7 and mGlu8) (see Further reading).Structurally, mGlu are composed of three juxtaposed domains: a core G protein-activating seven-transmembrane domain (TM), common to all GPCRs, is linked via a rigid cysteine-rich domain (CRD) to the Venus Flytrap domain (VFTD), a large bi-lobed extracellular domain where glutamate binds. The structures of the VFTD of mGlu1, mGlu2, mGlu3, mGlu5 and mGlu7 have been solved [190, 262, 255, 386]. The structure of the 7 transmembrane (TM) domains of both mGlu1 and mGlu5 have been solved, and confirm a general helical organization similar to that of other GPCRs, although the helices appear more compacted [85, 415, 59]. mGlu form constitutive dimers crosslinked by a disulfide bridge. Recent studies revealed the possible formation of heterodimers between either group-I receptors, or within and between group-II and -III receptors [86]. Although well characterized in transfected cells, co-localization and specific pharmacological properties also suggest the existence of such heterodimers in the brain [422, 257]. The endogenous ligands of mGlu are L-glutamic acid, L-serine-O-phosphate, N-acetylaspartylglutamate (NAAG) and L-cysteine sulphinic acid. Group-I mGlu receptors may be activated by 3,5-DHPG and (S)-3HPG [29] and antagonized by (S)-hexylhomoibotenic acid [223]. Group-II mGlu receptors may be activated by LY389795 [256], LY379268 [256], eglumegad [337, 416], DCG-IV and (2R,3R)-APDC [338], and antagonised by eGlu [161] and LY307452 [408, 100]. Group-III mGlu receptors may be activated by L-AP4 and (R,S)-4-PPG [125]. An example of an antagonist selective for mGlu receptors is LY341495, which blocks mGlu2 and mGlu3 at low nanomolar concentrations, mGlu8 at high nanomolar concentrations, and mGlu4, mGlu5, and mGlu7 in the micromolar range [176]. In addition to orthosteric ligands that directly interact with the glutamate recognition site, allosteric modulators that bind within the TM domain have been described. Negative allosteric modulators are listed separately. The positive allosteric modulators most often act as ‘potentiators’ of an orthosteric agonist response, without significantly activating the receptor in the absence of agonist.

Determining calmodulin binding to metabotropic glutamate receptors with distinct protein-interaction methods

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 868-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Lidwell ◽  
J. Dillon ◽  
A. Sihota ◽  
V. O'Connor ◽  
B. Pilkington
Keyword(s):  
Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Calmodulin Binding ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Receptor Interacting Proteins ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Two Hybrid

mGluRs (metabotropic glutamate receptors) are G-protein-coupled receptors that modulate synaptic transmission. The eight mammalian mGluRs form three groups based on sequence and functional similarities: group I (1 and 5), group II (2 and 3) and group III (4, 6–8) mGluRs. In the present study, we used a Y2H (yeast two hybrid) screen to identify proteins that interact with the C-terminal intracellular tail of mGluR3. Prominent among the candidate receptor interacting proteins was calmodulin, a Ca2+ sensor known to bind identifiable sequences in group I and III mGluRs. The Y2H method was used to investigate calmodulin binding to mGluRs but failed to confirm the documented interaction with group III mGluRs. Furthermore, subsequent biochemical analysis showed that calmodulin does not interact with group II mGluRs. This illustrates that certain Ca2+-dependent interactions are not recapitulated in yeast. Moreover, it highlights the necessity for supporting biochemical data to substantiate interactions identified with Y2H methods.

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