Psychological Preparation of Goalkeepers for the 11-m Penalty Kick in Soccer—A Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronnie Lidor ◽  
Gal Ziv ◽  
Tamar Gershon
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Psychological Interventions ◽  
Psychology Programs ◽  
Psychological Preparation ◽  
Practical Implications

In this article we reviewed a series of studies (n = 18) on psychological preparation of the goalkeeper (GK) for the 11-m penalty kick in soccer. The main findings of this review were that deception strategies (e.g., standing slightly off-center) can increase the chances of the kick being directed to a desired direction, and that individual differences among GKs should be considered when planning sport psychology programs for GKs. A number of research limitations and methodological concerns, such as the lack of ecological validity of the tasks performed in the studies and the lack of studies on psychological interventions, were discussed. In addition, a number of practical implications for sport psychology consultants who work with GKs in soccer were suggested.

Identity, self-story and desistance from crime

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin O'Sullivan ◽  
Richard Kemp ◽  
David Bright
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Psychological Interventions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Narrative Study ◽  
Theoretical View ◽  
Desistance From Crime ◽  
Empirical Foundation ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to lay the groundwork for a narrative study of desistance that is both qualitative and quantitative. Design/methodology/approach – The review traces the strands of research that have made self-story an important theme in the study of desistance with particular reference to work since 2001. Findings – The importance of an agentic self-story in the process of desistance from crime came to prominence in the work of Shadd Maruna (1997, 2001). Since then authors have attempted to formulate: first, an integrated theoretical view of desistance incorporating agency; and second, a clinically useful understanding of how self-story is important. The clinical studies have almost always been qualitative, relying on extensive life history interviews which yield great richness of detail but few, if any, testable hypotheses. To date, such studies have not provided the empirical foundation on which to develop policy in correctional environments. Practical implications – If it is found that a measure of self-belief correlates with desistance from crime, it may be possible to devise psychological interventions to enhance and change self-belief. Originality/value – The paper proposes adding a quantitative approach to the measurement of self-concept in order to estimate the likelihood of desistance.

Effect of Type of Task and Number of Inspectors on Performance of an Industrial Inspection-Type Task

1995 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 182-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold Stanislaw
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Sensory Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Rating Task ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Industrial Inspection ◽  
Inspection Task ◽  
Practical Implications

Two hundred forty subjects working alone and in pairs performed three different versions of a task similar to industrial inspection: a rating task and spatial and temporal two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) tasks. Performance was worse on the rating task than on the 2AFC tasks, and the spatial and temporal 2AFC tasks were performed equally well. These results could signify that performance is impaired more by demands made on long-term memory than by demands made on perception and sensory memory, or that asking subjects to compare items is fundamentally different from, and easier than, asking subjects to judge items in absolute terms. Individual differences in performance were marked, but performance was inconsistent across different versions of the inspection task. When subjects worked in pairs, performance was comparable to that obtained by requiring items to pass two inspections by individual subjects. However, a single inspection by subject pairs required less time than two inspections by individual subjects. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.

Situational Strength Theory

2018 ◽  
pp. 78-95
Author(s):  
Rustin D. Meyer ◽  
Elnora D. Kelly ◽  
Nathan A. Bowling
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Strength Theory ◽  
Situational Strength ◽  
Intuitive Appeal ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Functional Mechanisms ◽  
Practical Implications

The notion that individual differences (e.g., personality traits) predict behavior and relevant outcomes in “weak” situations (i.e., when people are left to their own devices to determine what to do) but not in “strong” situations (i.e., when situations provide people with unmistakable cues about what to do) is often treated as a truism among psychologists (Cooper & Withey, 2009). Although many studies support this general idea, its intuitive appeal may have dissuaded researchers from treating situational strength as a meaningful construct in its own right. This chapter attempts to remedy this state of affairs by (a) proposing a formalized theory of situational strength that outlines this construct’s functional mechanisms, (b) demonstrating how this knowledge can be used to develop testable hypotheses (e.g., pertaining to the criterion-oriented validity of individual differences), and (c) exploring several theoretical and practical implications of this theory for both science and practice.

Construct creation from research questions

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1817-1838
Author(s):  
Sarah Forbes ◽  
Mark Avis
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Methodological Problem ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Made In

Purpose Construct Creation (CC) is a methodological problem occurring when a research process, instead of measuring an extant construct in the participant’s mind, creates the construct. The purpose of this paper is to argue that CC derives from problems around ecologically invalid research and attitudinal responses developed on the spot, both resulting from self-generated validity. Design/methodology/approach A between-subjects design was used to explore whether the personification prime (PP), a component of brand personality (BP) methodology, influenced the CC of BP for rocks. Analysis of qualitative data on how participants made their BP ratings in the absence of a PP was also completed. Findings Findings revealed that a methodology can enable CC in the participant’s mind, despite the construct being ecologically invalid prior to them participating in the study. Analysis also revealed that participants will use varied, and sometimes elaborate, strategies to enable CC and provide researchers with the answers to their questions. Research limitations/implications Previous research has drawn attention to CC as a problem but the implications of prior research have so far been “sidestepped”. Consequently, this paper demonstrates CC and why it is a problem, while rebutting some arguments made in prior research for sidestepping CC. Practical implications CC is a potentially serious methodological problem that can result in invalid findings informing or misdirecting theory used by practitioners. As such, this paper proposes methods to ameliorate CC and improve ecological validity of future research. Originality/value This study will contribute to methodological literature by refocusing attention to the currently neglected problem of CC and by proposing a model of CC by participants.

Sport Psychology Training in Counseling Psychology Programs

1994 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trent A. Petrie ◽  
C. Edward Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Counseling Psychology ◽  
Program Directors ◽  
Psychology Training ◽  
Survey Questionnaire ◽  
Psychology Programs ◽  
Interdisciplinary Program ◽  
Program Of Study ◽  
Counseling Faculty

To find out how sport psychology training may fit within counseling psychology programs, we surveyed the 61 APA-accredited counseling psychology programs about this issue; 53 (86.9%) of the program directors responded to our survey questionnaire. The results indicated that (a) the majority of the counseling programs (66.7%) currently had students who were viewed as being interested in sport psychology, (b) counseling faculty were perceived to be receptive to their colleagues and graduate students having interests and pursuing research in sport psychology, and (c) most program directors (64.7%) thought the best sport psychology training could be provided through an interdisciplinary program of study. Training implications are presented.

Parameterising ecological validity and integrating individual differences within second-person neuroscience

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 414-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhismadev Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Social Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Person Account

AbstractThis commentary situates the second person account within a broader framework of ecological validity for experimental paradigms in social cognitive neuroscience. It then considers how individual differences at psychological and genetic levels can be integrated within the proposed framework.

Why is Life Stress Ignored in Studies of ‘Stress’ and Athletic Performance?

1992 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 800-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Felsten ◽  
Kathy Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Strong Relationships

Investigations of relationships between stress and athletic performance and stress and outcomes outside of sport psychology have a parallel evolution. Each area has advanced from early attempts to find simple, strong relationships to current strategies for evaluating the influences of individual differences and situational factors on more elusive relationships. However, the most common conceptualizations of stress are very different in research on sport psychology and stress, and most studies of stress and athletic performance do not involve the influences of stress outside athletics. We propose that the approaches used by sports psychologists and stress researchers could be combined to evaluate more fully the relationships between stress and athletic performance.

Handedness may be More Important than Sex as a Variable Underlying Individual Differences in Visual Performance

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 715-719
Author(s):  
Gary D. Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Perceptual Organization ◽  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Visual Performance ◽  
Relative Location ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Decision Axis ◽  
Practical Implications

Evidence is presented that there are individual differences in the early stages of information processing which are due, in part, to the criteria adopted by the left and right hemispheres in perceptual organization. Sex differences were found in organization criteria and in the extent that both hemispheres participate in ordering perceptual experience. Of perhaps greater importance in terms of practical implications, significant and dramatic differences were found in perceptual organization for “extreme right-handers” and “right-handers who tend towards mix-handedness.” “Mixed-handers” of both sexes grouped states into perceptual units to a significantly greater extent than their very right-handed counterparts. A method is described for determining the relative location of grouping criteria on the decision axis.

The Role of Change in Athletes’ Careers: A Scheme of Change for Sport Psychology Practice

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy David Samuel ◽  
Gershon Tenenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Therapeutic Process ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Processes Of Change ◽  
Personal Change ◽  
Process Of Change ◽  
Athletic Status ◽  
Change Events ◽  
Practical Implications

Throughout their careers, athletes may encounter various changes that interfere with their existing “athletic status quo.” During these transitional periods, change can occur in diverse levels of the athletic experience. In this paper we introduce a “scheme of change for sport psychology practice” (SCSPP) to describe typical characteristics of athletes’ change-events and processes. The SCSPP focuses on: (a) the stages that unfold as athletes encounter and address changes in their careers, and (b) the psychological-therapeutic process that might facilitate an effective personal change. The process of change is evaluated in terms of its meaning and significance for athletes, the associated decisions athletes make, and fluctuations in cognition and affect. In addition, we describe a therapeutic framework that includes a number of processes of change as interventions, which may facilitate consultants’ attempts to guide athletes who experience change-events, and factors that moderate these attempts. Avenues for research and practical implications are also provided.

Spirituality & Sport: Consulting the Christian Athlete

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Mosley ◽  
Desiree’ J. Frierson ◽  
Yihan Cheng ◽  
Mark W. Aoyagi
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Sport Participation ◽  
Practical Relevance ◽  
Performance Psychology ◽  
Christian Worldview ◽  
Interview Guide ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Practical Implications

The real world practice of sport and performance psychology will inevitably present the practitioner with performers for whom spirituality is the supreme motivator (Balague, 1999). Spirituality and sport, despite its practical relevance, is an underdeveloped and sometimes misunderstood combination (Nesti, 2007). The aim of this study was to reveal the individual experiences of athletes as they integrate spirituality and their sport participation. Five high level athletes (1 female, 4 male), each holding a Christian worldview were interviewed. A strategically designed interview guide illuminated several key themes, which Watson and Nesti (2005) suggested, would contribute much to the existing literature. Out of these themes, practical implications have been considered for the delivery of sport and performance psychology services to Christian athletes. Evidenced by this study, is the reality that some Christian athletes present a unique perspective through which appropriately tailored sport psychology services can readily precipitate personal excellence in sport and life.

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