Elite Athletes Refine Their Internal Clocks

Motor Control ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yin-Hua Chen ◽  
Paola Cesari
Keyword(s):  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Motor Ability ◽  
Sport Training ◽  
Everyday Activities ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Lower Variability

Evaluating time properly is crucial for everyday activities from fundamental behaviors to refined coordinative movements such as in sport playing. Lately the concept of the existence of a unique internal clock for evaluating time in different scales has been challenged by recent neurophysiology studies. Here we provide evidence that individuals evaluate time durations below and above a second based on two different internal clocks for sub- and suprasecond time ranges: a faster clock for the subsecond range and a slower one for suprasecond time. Interestingly, the level of precision presented by these two clocks can be finely tuned through long-term sport training: Elite athletes, independently from their sport domains, generate better time estimates than nonathletes by showing higher accuracy and lower variability, particularly for subsecond time. We interpret this better time estimation in the short durations as being due to their extraordinary perceptual and motor ability in fast actions.

scholarly journals Potentially Prolonged Psychological Distress from Postponed Olympic and Paralympic Games during COVID-19—Career Uncertainty in Elite Athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Anders Håkansson ◽  
Karin Moesch ◽  
Caroline Jönsson ◽  
Göran Kenttä
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Job Insecurity ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Sporting Events ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Career Uncertainty ◽  
Paralympic Games

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the world of sports due to periods of home quarantine, bans against public gatherings, travel restrictions, and a large number of postponed or canceled major sporting events. The literature hitherto is sparse, but early indications display signs of psychological impact on elite athletes due to the pandemic. However, beyond acute effects from lockdown and short-term interrupted athletic seasons, the postponed and still uncertain Olympic and Paralympic Games may represent a major career insecurity to many athletes world-wide, and may lead to severe changes to everyday lives and potentially prolonged psychological distress. Given the long-term perspective of these changes, researchers and stakeholders should address mental health and long-term job insecurity in athletes, including a specific focus on those with small financial margins, such as many female athletes, parasports athletes, athletes in smaller sports, and athletes from developing countries. Implications and the need for research are discussed.

Ontological Knowledge Representation and Inference Rules for MTM Decision Support System

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Renu ◽  
Gregory Mocko
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support System ◽  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Support System ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Time Measurement ◽  
Inference Rules ◽  
Assembly Time ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Definition Of

The objective of the research presented is to develop and implement an ontological knowledge representation for Methods-Time Measurement assembly time estimation process. The knowledge representation is used to drive a decision support system that provides the user with intelligent MTM table suggestions based on assembly work instructions. Inference rules are used to map work instructions to MTM tables. An explicit definition of the assembly time estimation domain is required. The contribution of this research, in addition to the decision support system, is an extensible knowledge representation that models work instructions, MTM tables and mapping rules between the two which will enable the establishment of assembly time estimates. Further, the ontology provides an extensible knowledge representation framework for linking time studies and assembly processes.

Reasoning: Source of Variability in the Boothroyd and Dewhurst Assembly Time Estimation Method

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Essam Namouz ◽  
Joshua D. Summers ◽  
Gregory M. Mocko
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Students ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Handling Time ◽  
Time Estimate ◽  
Time Analysis ◽  
Assembly Time ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Initial Results

This paper evaluates the effect of making a subjective decision in a design for assembly time analysis. An example is found in the first set of questions for estimating handling time of a part the user chose “parts are easy to grasp and manipulate” as opposed to “parts present handling difficulties”. The subjectivity is explored through a study of assembly time estimates generated by a class of mechanical engineering students in the time analysis of a clicker pen based on the Boothroyd and Dewhurst estimation method. The assembly times calculated by the class ranged from a minimum of 23.64 seconds to a maximum of 44.89 seconds (range of 21.25 seconds). This large range in results serves as motivation in determining the effect that answering a subjective decision has on the resulting assembly time estimate. Initial results indicate that not answering the first level of subjective questions will result in assembly time estimate within 15% of the time had the subjective question been answered. The probability density plots of the time estimates also indicates that 63% of the time, the estimated assembly time without making the subjective decision will fall within the normal distribution had the subjective decision been made. This provides evidence that there is an opportunity to reduce the amount of subjective questions that a user must answer to estimate the assembly time of a product.

Mediators of Estimates of Brief Time Intervals in Elderly Domiciled Males

1986 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Licht ◽  
John B. Morganti ◽  
Milton F. Nehrke ◽  
Gary Heiman
Keyword(s):  
Production Method ◽  
Passage Time ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Value Of Time ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Time To Death ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
Time Estimates

Conflicting interpretations questioning whether brief intervals of real time are perceived as passing more or less rapidly with increasing age have been reported. Reasons for these inconsistent results lie in semantic confusions, in variations in methodology, and in the effects of other mediating variables. The present study examined relationships between age, value of time over both the short and the long term, perceived time to death, self-perceived activity levels, and estimates of brief time intervals in a sample of older institutionalized males. The production method was used to obtain the estimates of time passage. Time intervals were increasingly underestimated with advancing age, indicating that time units are shorter with increasing age. While a number of other variables were interrelated, the only other factor consistently related to time estimates was the short-term value of time. Implications for future research and for interventions in institutional settings are discussed.

Estimation of Truck Traffic Volume from Single Loop Detectors with Lane-to-Lane Speed Correlation

2003 ◽  
Vol 1856 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaimyoung Kwon ◽  
Pravin Varaiya ◽  
Alexander Skabardonis
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Truck Traffic ◽  
Single Loop ◽  
Loop Detectors ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Surveillance Technology ◽  
Traffic Volumes ◽  
Urban Freeway

An algorithm for real-time estimation of truck traffic in multilane freeways was proposed. The algorithm used data from single loop detectors—the most widely installed surveillance technology for urban freeways in the United States. The algorithm worked for those freeway locations that have a truck-free lane and exhibit high lane-to-lane speed correlation. These conditions are met by most urban freeway locations. The algorithm produced real-time estimates of the truck traffic volumes at the location. It also can be used to produce alternative estimates of the mean effective vehicle length, which can improve speed estimates from single loop detector data. The algorithm was tested with real freeway data and produced estimates of truck traffic volumes with only 5.7% error. It also captured the daily patterns of truck traffic and mean effective vehicle length. Applied to loop data on Interstate 710 near Long Beach, California, during the dockworkers’ lockout October 1 to 9, 2002, the algorithm found a 32% reduction in five-axle truck volume.

scholarly journals Uncertainty in divergence time estimation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Carruthers ◽  
Robert W Scotland
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Divergence Time Estimation ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Divergence Time Estimates ◽  
Use Of Time ◽  
Time Estimates ◽  
Highly Sensitive

Abstract Understanding and representing uncertainty is crucial in academic research, because it enables studies to build on the conclusions of previous studies, leading to robust advances in a particular field. Here, we evaluate the nature of uncertainty and the manner by which it is represented in divergence time estimation, a field that is fundamental to many aspects of macroevolutionary research, and where there is evidence that uncertainty has been seriously underestimated. We address this issue in the context of methods used in divergence time estimation, and with respect to the manner by which time-calibrated phylogenies are interpreted. With respect to methods, we discuss how the assumptions underlying different methods may not adequately reflect uncertainty about molecular evolution, the fossil record, or diversification rates. Therefore, divergence time estimates may not adequately reflect uncertainty, and may be directly contradicted by subsequent findings. For the interpretation of time-calibrated phylogenies, we discuss how the use of time-calibrated phylogenies for reconstructing general evolutionary timescales leads to inferences about macroevolution that are highly sensitive to methodological limitations in how uncertainty is accounted for. By contrast, we discuss how the use of time-calibrated phylogenies to test specific hypotheses leads to inferences about macroevolution that are less sensitive to methodological limitations. Given that many biologists wish to use time-calibrated phylogenies to reconstruct general evolutionary timescales, we conclude that the development of methods of divergence time estimation that adequately account for uncertainty is necessary.

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