Effects of a Single-Task Versus a Dual-Task Paradigm on Cognition and Balance in Healthy Subjects

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke M. Ross ◽  
Johna K. Register-Mihalik ◽  
Jason P. Mihalik ◽  
Karen L. McCulloch ◽  
William E. Prentice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Auditory Task ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Paired Samples ◽  
Task Conditions

Context:Recent evidence has revealed deficiencies in the ability to divide attention after concussion.Objective:To examine the effects of a single vs a dual task on cognition and balance in healthy subjects and to examine reliability of 2 dual-task paradigms while examining the overall feasibility of the tasks.Design:Pretest–posttest experimental design.Setting:Sports medicine research laboratory.Patients:30 healthy, recreationally active college students.Intervention:Subjects performed balance and cognitive tasks under the single- and dual-task conditions during 2 test sessions 14 d apart.Main Outcome Measures:The procedural reaction-time (PRT) test of the Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (eyes-closed tasks) and an adapted Procedural Auditory Task (PAT; eyes-open tasks) were used to assess cognition. The NeuroCom Sensory Organization Test (SOT) and the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) were used to assess balance performance. Five 2-way, within-subject ANOVAs and a paired-samples t test were used to analyze the data. ICCs were used to assess reliability across 2 test sessions.Results:On the SOT, performance significantly improved between test sessions (F1,29 = 35.695, P < .001) and from the single to the dual task (F1,29 = 9.604, P = .004). On the PRT, performance significantly improved between test sessions (F1,29 = 57.252, P < .001) and from the single to the dual task (F1,29 = 7.673, P = .010). No differences were seen on the BESS and the PAT. Reliability across test sessions ranged from moderate to poor for outcome measure.Conclusions:The BESS appears to be a more reliable and functional tool in dual-task conditions as a result of its increased reliability and clinical applicability. In addition, the BESS is more readily available to clinicians than the SOT.

scholarly journals Reduced Sway During Dual Task Balance Performance Among People With Stroke at 6 and 12 Months After Discharge From Hospital

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 847-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorit Hyndman ◽  
Ruth M. Pickering ◽  
Ann Ashburn
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Dual Task Condition ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Balance Task ◽  
Balance Ability ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Discharge From Hospital

Background. Cognitive motor interference has been linked to poor recovery and falls. Little is known about recovery of dual-task balance ability poststroke. Methods. In this experimental study, postural sway was examined while standing on a force plate in preferred stance, with feet together, and with eyes closed, at 6 and 12 months postdischarge from hospital. Sway was assessed in isolation and while participants performed a cognitive (shopping list) task. Results . Seventy-six people with stroke (mean age 67 years; range, 21-91 years) took part. Fifty-four completed both assessments. When compared with the single task, sway during the dual-task condition was significantly lower in both the medial lateral (ML) and anterior posterior (AP) directions (both P < .0001). Sway in both directions was influenced by the difficulty of the balance task (both P < .0001). There was a trend of reduced sway at the 12-month assessment compared with the 6-month assessment: significant only in the ML direction ( P = .0056). Repeat fallers swayed more than non—repeat fallers, with increases of 48% and 44% in the ML ( P = .0262) and AP ( P = .0134) directions, respectively. No significant variation in the dual-task reduction in sway was found: the dual-task effect was remarkably consistent over all the conditions tested, particularly in the AP direction. Conclusions. Sway decreased under dual-task conditions and changed as the difficulty of the balance task changed. Stroke fallers swayed more than nonfallers and there was evidence of a reduction in sway over time, particularly in the ML direction.

scholarly journals Concussion History and Balance Performance in Adolescent Rugby Union Players

2021 ◽  
pp. 036354652199870
Author(s):  
Mark Matthews ◽  
William Johnston ◽  
Chris M. Bleakley ◽  
Richard J. Davies ◽  
Alan T. Rankin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Inertial Sensor ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
History Of ◽  
Concussion History ◽  
Rugby Players

Background: Sports-related concussion is a worldwide problem. There is a concern that an initial concussion can cause prolonged subclinical disturbances to sensorimotor function that increase the risk of subsequent injury. The primary aim of this study was to examine whether a history of sports-related concussion has effects on static and dynamic balance performance in adolescent rugby players. Hypothesis: Dynamic balance would be worse in players with a history of concussion compared with those with no history of concussion. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Male adolescent rugby players aged 14 to 18 years from 5 schools were recruited before the start of the 2018-2019 playing season. Participants completed questionnaires and physical tests, including dynamic Y balance and single-leg static balance (eyes closed) tests, while performing single and dual tasks. Dynamic balance was assessed using inertial sensor instrumentation. Dependent variables were normalized reach distance and the sample entropy (SEn) of the 3 axes ( x, y, and z). Results: Of the 195 participants, 100 reported a history of concussion. Those with a history of concussion demonstrated higher SEn in all directions, with highest values during anterior (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.4; 95% CI, 0.0-0.7; P = .027) and posteromedial (SMD, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.2-0.9; P = .004) reach directions compared with those with no history. There was no difference between groups (concussion history vs control) in traditional Y balance reach distances in the anterior or posteromedial directions or single-leg static balance during both single- ( P = .47) and dual-task ( P = .67) conditions. Conclusion: Adolescent rugby union athletes with a history of concussion had poorer dynamic balance during performance tasks compared with healthy controls. Static single-leg balance tests, either single or dual task, may not be sensitive enough to detect sensorimotor deficits in those with a history of concussion.

Effects of Cognitive and Physical Loads on Dynamic and Static Balance Performance of Healthy Older Adults Under Single-, Dual-, and Multi-task Conditions

2020 ◽  
pp. 001872082092462
Author(s):  
Hamid Allahverdipour ◽  
Iman Dianat ◽  
Galavizh Mameh ◽  
Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
Physical Task ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
And Control

Objective The aim of this study is to examine the effects of cognitive and physical loads on dynamic and static balance performance of healthy older adults under single-, dual-, and multi-task conditions. Background Previous studies on postural control in older adults have generally used dual-task methodology, whereas less attention has been paid to multi-task performance, despite its importance in many daily and occupational activities. Method The effects of single versus combined (dual-task and multi-task) cognitive (to speak out the name of the weekdays in a reverse order) and physical (with three levels including handling weights of 1, 2, and 3 kg in each hand) loads on dynamic and static balance performance of 42 older adults (21 males and 21 females) aged ≥60 years were examined. Dynamic and static balance measures were evaluated using the Timed Up and Go (TUG) and stabilometer (sway index) tests, respectively. Results The TUG speed of female participants was generally slower than that of male participants. Age had no effect on balance performance measures. Under dual-task conditions, cognitive load decreased the dynamic balance performance, while the physical task levels had no effect. The dual-task conditions had no impact on the static balance performance. The effects of cognitive and physical loads on dynamic balance performance varied under dual- and multi-task conditions. Conclusion The findings highlight differences between dual- and multi-task protocols and add to the understanding of balance performance in older adults under cognitive and physical loads. Application The present study highlights differences between dual- and multi-task methodologies that need to be considered in future studies of balance and control in older adults.

scholarly journals A Mobile Device Dual-Task Paradigm for the Assessment of mTBI

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 174-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan M Linder ◽  
Mandy Miller Koop ◽  
Sarah Ozinga ◽  
Zachary Goldfarb ◽  
Jay L Alberts
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Device ◽  
Dual Task ◽  
Postural Stability ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Number Discrimination ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Dual Task Paradigm ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Task Conditions

Abstract Research Objective Dual-task performance, in which individuals complete two or more activities simultaneously, is impaired following mild traumatic brain injury. The aim of this project was to develop a dual-task paradigm that may be conducive to military utilization in evaluating cognitive-motor function in a standardized and scalable manner by leveraging mobile device technology. Methods Fifty healthy young adult civilians (18–24 years) completed four balance stances and a number discrimination task under single- and dual-task conditions. Postural stability was quantified using data gathered from iPad’s native accelerometer and gyroscope. Cognitive task difficulty was manipulated by presenting stimuli at 30, 60, or 90 per minute. Performance of cognitive and balance tasks was compared between single- and dual-task trials. Results Cognitive performance from single- to dual-task paradigms showed no significant main effect of balance condition or the interaction of condition by frequency. From single- to dual-task conditions, a significant difference in postural control was revealed in only one stance: tandem with eyes closed, in which a slight improvement in postural stability was observed under dual-task conditions. Conclusion The optimal dual-task paradigm to evaluate cognitive-motor performance with minimal floor and ceiling effects consists of tandem stance with eyes closed while stimuli are presented at a rate of one per second.

Evaluation of Standing Balance Performance in Indian Classical Dancers

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23
Author(s):  
Juhi K. Bharnuke ◽  
Rajani P. Mullerpatan ◽  
Claire Hiller
Keyword(s):  
Dual Task ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Standing Balance ◽  
Balance Performance ◽  
Classical Dance ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
Second Dual ◽  
Indian Classical Dance ◽  
Base Of Support

Indian classical dance involves a constant change of the base of support from stance to low jumps and spins along with intricate footwork. Graceful movement of the torso, shifting from side to side and turning around the axis of the spine, challenges balance. Yet, balance performance remains unexplored in Indian classical dancers. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the standing balance of 36 active female dancers (18 to 25 years of age) who had performed Indian classical dance for a minimum of 10 years with 36 healthy age-matched women not involved in regular physical activity. Balance was evaluated in static and dynamic conditions of single and dual-limb stance on a force plate using center-of-pressure trajectory and the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Dancers demonstrated better balance on both instrumented and non-instrumented outcome variables: wide base of support with eyes open and with eyes closed; for 30-second single limb stance with eyes open and with eyes closed; for 13-second dual task in single limb stance; and for 22-second dual task in wide base of support. The SEBT revealed significantly better balance performance of dancers in the three directions tested: anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral. There was also a strength component of the study on which the dancers achieved significantly higher scores than controls for the three muscle groups tested (gastrocsoleus, gluteus medius, and quadriceps), which can be attributed to their training. These findings can be used to recommend classical dance training to achieve the dual purpose of deriving better balance and stronger bodies and maintaining the Indian dance heritage.

Correlation Between Ankle-Dorsiflexion and Hip-Flexion Range of Motion and the Functional Movement Screen Hurdle-Step Score

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob J. Janicki ◽  
Craig L. Switzler ◽  
Bradley T. Hayes ◽  
Charlie A. Hicks-Little
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Ankle Dorsiflexion ◽  
Functional Movement ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Movement Screening ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hip Flexion

Context:Functional movement screening (FMS) has been gaining popularity in the fields of sports medicine and performance. Currently, limited research has examined whether FMS screening that identifies low FMS scores is attributed primarily to limits in range of motion (ROM).Objective:To compare scores from the FMS hurdle-step movement with ROM measurements for ankle dorsiflexion and hip flexion (HF).Design:Correlational research design.Setting:Sports medicine research laboratory.Participants:20 healthy active male (age 21.2 ± 2.4 y, weight 77.8 ± 10.2 kg, height 180.8 ± 6.8 cm) and 20 healthy active female (21.3 ± 2.0 y, 67.3 ± 8.9 kg, 167.4 ± 6.6 cm) volunteers.Intervention:All 40 participants completed 3 trials of the hurdle-step exercise bilaterally and goniometric ROM measurements for active ankle dorsiflexion and HF.Main Outcome Measures:Correlations were determined between ROM and FMS scores for right and left legs. In addition, mean data were compared between FMS scores, gender, and dominant and nondominant limbs.Results:There were no significant correlations present when all participants were grouped. However, when separated by gender significant correlations were identified. There was a weak correlation with HF and both hurdle-step (HS) and average hurdle-step (AHS) scores on both left (r = .536, P = .015 and r = .512, P = .012) and right (r = .445, P = .049 and r = .565, P = .009) legs for women. For men, there was a poor negative correlation of HF and both HS and AHS on the left leg (r = –.452, P = .045 and r = .451, P = .046).Conclusion:Our findings suggest that although hip and ankle ROMs do not have a strong relationship with FMS hurdle-step scores, they are a contributing factor. More research should be conducted to identify other biomechanical factors that contribute to individual FMS test scores.

Fatigue’s Effect on Eversion Force Sense in Individuals With and Without Functional Ankle Instability

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia J. Wright ◽  
Brent L. Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Ankle Instability ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Ankle Sprains ◽  
Functional Ankle Instability ◽  
Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Force Sense

Context:Force sense (FS), the proprioceptive ability to detect muscle-force generation, has been shown to be impaired in individuals with functional ankle instability (FAI). Fatigue can also impair FS in healthy individuals, but it is unknown how fatigue affects FS in individuals with FAI.Objective:To assess the effect of fatigue on ankle-eversion force-sense error in individuals with and without FAI. Design: Case control with repeated measures.Setting:Sports medicine research laboratory.Participants:32 individuals with FAI and 32 individuals with no ankle sprains or instability in their lifetime. FAI subjects had a history of ≥1 lateral ankle sprain and giving-way ≥1 episode per month.Interventions:Three eversion FS trials were captured per load (10% and 30% of maximal voluntary isometric contraction) using a load cell before and after a concentric eversion fatigue protocol.Main Outcome Measures:Trial error was the difference between the target and reproduction forces. Constant error (CE), absolute error (AE), and variable error (VE) were calculated from 3 trial errors. A Group × Fatigue × Load repeated-measures ANOVA was performed for each error.Results:There were no significant 3-way interactions or 2-way interactions involving group (all P > .05). CE and AE had a significant 2-way interaction between load and fatigue (CE: F1,62 = 8.704, P = .004; AE: F1,62 = 4.024, P = .049), and VE had a significant main effect for fatigue (F1,62 = 5.130, P = .027), all of which indicated increased FS error with fatigue at 10% load. However, at 30% load only VE increased with fatigue. The FAI group had greater error as measured by AE (F1,62 = 4.571, P = .036) but not CE or VE (P > .05).Conclusions:Greater AE indicates that FAI individuals are less accurate in their force production. Fatigue impaired force sense in all subjects equally. These deficits provide evidence of impaired proprioception with fatigue and in individuals with FAI.

The Effect of Textured Insoles on Postural Control in Double and Single Limb Stance

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn M. Corbin ◽  
Joseph M. Hart ◽  
Patrick O. McKeon ◽  
Christopher D. Ingersoll ◽  
Jay Hertel
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Crossover Trial ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Afferent Information ◽  
Balance Trials

Context:Increased plantar cutaneous afferent information may improve postural control.Objective:To compare postural control measures between balance conditions with and without textured insoles.Design:crossover trial.Setting:Research Laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:33 healthy subjects (27.4 ± 9.1yrs, 172.6 ± 10.3 cm, 75.4 ± 16.4 kg).Intervention(s):Subjects performed 24, 10-second bipedal and unilateral stance balance trials with eyes opened and eyes closed, with and without a textured insole in subjects’ shoes.Main Outcome Measures:Average velocity and area of center of pressure (COP) excursions.Results:We observed an interaction among balance conditions during bilateral stance, but not during unilateral stance. On average, subjects exhibited greater area and velocity of COP excursions with eyes closed compared to eyes opened. Significant differences in area and velocity of COP excursions were observed during bilateral stance only when subjects were not wearing textured insoles. There were no significant differences while subjects balanced in bilateral stance with textured insoles.Conclusions:Increased afferent information from textured insoles improves postural control in bilateral stance.

Lack of Neuromuscular Origins of Adaptation After a Long-Term Stretching Program

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley T. Hayes ◽  
Rod A. Harter ◽  
Jeffrey J. Widrick ◽  
Daniel P. Williams ◽  
Mark A. Hoffman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Reciprocal Inhibition ◽  
Ankle Dorsiflexion ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Static Stretching ◽  
Reflex Pathway ◽  
Medicine Research

Context:Static stretching is commonly used during the treatment and rehabilitation of orthopedic injuries to increase joint range of motion (ROM) and muscle flexibility. Understanding the physiological adaptations that occur in the neuromuscular system as a result of long-term stretching may provide insight into the mechanisms responsible for changes in flexibility.Objective:To examine possible neurological origins and adaptations in the Ia-reflex pathway that allow for increases in flexibility in ankle ROM, by evaluating the reduction in the synaptic transmission of Ia afferents to the motoneuron pool.Design:Repeated-measures, case-controlled study.Setting:Sports medicine research laboratory.Participants:40 healthy volunteers with no history of cognitive impairment, neurological impairment, or lower extremity surgery or injury within the previous 12 mo.Intervention:Presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms were evaluated with a chronic stretching protocol. Twenty subjects stretched 5 times a wk for 6 wk. All subjects were measured at baseline, 3 wk, and 6 wk.Main Outcome Measures:Ankle-dorsiflexion ROM, Hmax:Mmax, presynaptic inhibition, and disynaptic reciprocal inhibition.Results:Only ROM had a significant interaction between group and time, whereas the other dependent variables did not show significant differences. The experimental group had significantly improved ROM from baseline to 3 wk (mean 6.2 ± 0.9, P < .001), 3 wk to 6 wk (mean 5.0 ± 0.8, P < .001), and baseline to 6 wk (mean 11.2 ±0.9, P < .001).Conclusions:Ankle dorsiflexion increased by 42.25% after 6 wk of static stretching, but no significant neurological changes resulted at any point of the study, contrasting current literature. Significant neuromuscular origins of adaptation do not exist in the Ia-reflex-pathway components after a long-term stretching program as currently understood. Thus, any increases in flexibility are the result of other factors, potentially mechanical changes or stretch tolerance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document