The Seattle Space Needle renovation: Acoustical design considerations and challenges at 600 ft above ground level

2021 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. A248-A248
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Bruck ◽  
Jaimie Penzell
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Above Ground Level ◽  
Design Considerations

scholarly journals Spatial Analysis (Measurements at Heights of 10 m and 20 m above Ground Level) of the Concentrations of Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0) and Gaseous Pollutants (H2S) on the University Campus: A Case Study

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Robert Cichowicz ◽  
Maciej Dobrzański
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Leeward Side ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Above Ground Level ◽  
High Concentrations

Spatial analysis of the distribution of particulate matter PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas pollution was performed in the area around a university library building. The reasons for the subject matter were reports related to the perceptible odor characteristic of hydrogen sulfide and a general poor assessment of air quality by employees and students. Due to the area of analysis, it was decided to perform measurements at two heights, 10 m and 20 m above ground level, using measuring equipment attached to a DJI Matrice 600 unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). The aim of the measurements was air quality assessment and investigate the convergence of the theory of air flow around the building with the spatial distribution of air pollutants. Considerable differences of up to 63% were observed in the concentrations of pollutants measured around the building, especially between opposite sides, depending on the direction of the wind. To explain these differences, the theory of aerodynamics was applied to visualize the probable airflow in the direction of the wind. A strong convergence was observed between the aerodynamic model and the spatial distribution of pollutants. This was evidenced by the high concentrations of dust in the areas of strong turbulence at the edges of the building and on the leeward side. The accumulation of pollutants was also clearly noticeable in these locations. A high concentration of H2S was recorded around the library building on the side of the car park. On the other hand, the air turbulence around the building dispersed the gas pollution, causing the concentration of H2S to drop on the leeward side. It was confirmed that in some analyzed areas the permissible concentration of H2S was exceeded.

scholarly journals A Climatology of Nocturnal Low-Level Jets at Cabauw

2009 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1627-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Baas ◽  
F. C. Bosveld ◽  
H. Klein Baltink ◽  
A. A. M. Holtslag
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Geostrophic Wind ◽  
Stable Stratification ◽  
Radiative Cooling ◽  
Inertial Oscillation ◽  
Stable Boundary Layers ◽  
Above Ground Level ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Low Level Jets

Abstract A climatology of nocturnal low-level jets (LLJs) is presented for the topographically flat measurement site at Cabauw, the Netherlands. LLJ characteristics are derived from a 7-yr half-hourly database of wind speed profiles, obtained from the 200-m mast and a wind profiler. Many LLJs at Cabauw originate from an inertial oscillation, which develops after sunset in a layer decoupled from the surface by stable stratification. The data are classified to different types of stable boundary layers by using the geostrophic wind speed and the isothermal net radiative cooling as classification parameters. For each of these classes, LLJ characteristics like frequency of occurrence, height above ground level, and the turning of the wind vector across the boundary layer are determined. It is found that LLJs occur in about 20% of the nights, are typically situated at 140–260 m above ground level, and have a speed of 6–10 m s−1. Development of a substantial LLJ is most likely to occur for moderate geostrophic forcing and a high radiative cooling. A comparison with the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) is added to illustrate how the results can be used to evaluate the performance of atmospheric models.

scholarly journals Pruning intensity and amino acids tryptophan and glycine on growth and flowering of Jasminum sambac

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Ziyad Khalf Salih ◽  
Seyedeh Somayyeh Shafiei Masouleh ◽  
Mohamed Abdulla Ahmed ◽  
Marwan Abdulla Sanam
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Above Ground Level ◽  
Evergreen Shrub ◽  
Jasminum Sambac ◽  
Pruning Intensity

Abstract Jasmine (Jasminum sambac L.) is an evergreen shrub and very fragrant, which has a very importance in the perfume industry and its flowers are used in different religious and ceremonies. Training the shrubs for more yields of flowers and essential oil with horticultural improvement effects of pruning and amino acids may help gardeners to achieve more benefits. This study aimed to investigate the effects of pruning intensity (without pruning, 40, 60 or 75 cm above ground level) and foliar application of amino acids (without amino acids, tryptophan or glycine) on jasmine shrubs for promoting growth and reproductive growth and the content of essential oil. The results showed that plants with light pruning (75 cm) and foliar application of amino acids especially glycine had the best growth and yield, which means that plants were affected by the interactions of pruning level and application of amino acids.

scholarly journals Development and application of a new mobile LOPAP instrument for the measurement of HONO altitude profiles in the planetary boundary layer

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 2027-2054 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Häseler ◽  
T. Brauers ◽  
F. Holland ◽  
A. Wahner
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Acid ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Concentration Profiles ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Above Ground Level ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
New Instrument ◽  
Mobile Measurements ◽  
Southwest Germany ◽  
Absorption Technique

Abstract. The LOPAP (long path absorption) technique has been shown to be very sensitive for the detection of nitrous acid (HONO) in the atmosphere. However, current instruments were mainly built for ground based applications. Therefore, we designed a new LOPAP instrument to be more versatile for mobile measurements and to meet the requirements for airborne application. The detection limit of the new instrument is below 1 ppt at a time resolution of 5 to 7 min. As a first test, the instrument was successfully employed during the ZEPTER-1 campaign in July 2007 on board of the Zeppelin NT airship. During 15 flights on six days we measured HONO concentration profiles over southwest Germany, predominantly in the range between 100 m and 650 m above ground level. On average, a mixing ratio of 34 ppt was observed, almost independently of height. Within a econd campaign, ZEPTER-2 in fall 2008, higher HONO mixing ratios were observed in the Lake Constance area.

UAV high-resolution magnetic mapping of the Chenaillet ophiolite, in the Alps

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Le Maire ◽  
Denis Thieblemont ◽  
Marc Munschy ◽  
Guillaume Martelet ◽  
Geoffroy Mohn
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Geological Mapping ◽  
Magnetic Data ◽  
Magnetic Survey ◽  
Magnetic Signal ◽  
Alpine Orogeny ◽  
Above Ground Level ◽  
Slow Spreading

<p>Continent-Ocean Transitions (COT) and ultra-slow spreading ridges, floored by wide area of exhumed serpentinized mantle, bear strong amplitude magnetic lineations. However, whether these anomalies are linked to inversions of the direction of the magnetization (therefore characterized as isochrones of seafloor spreading) or to structural and lithological contrasts remains an open question. Generally, marine magnetic data acquired at sea surface along profiles, are too low resolution to image the intensity variations of the magnetic field at a kilometric scale. Performing a dense deep tow magnetic survey at a present-day COT or ultra-slow spreading system would be better to determine the sources of the magnetic signal but remains expensive. To go ahead, a valuable alternative to address these questions is to record the magnetic signal on ophiolite representing remnants of COT and oceanic systems sampled in orogenic system. We worked on the Chenaillet Ophiolite (French Alps), which represents a fossil COT or ultra-slow spreading system integrated to the Alpine orogeny. This ophiolite escaped high-pressure metamorphism and has only been weakly deformed during Alpine orogeny, preserving its pre-orogenic structure.</p><p>We performed an UAV magnetic survey using fluxgate magnetometers in complex conditions due to the altitude (> 1800 m), the strong topography variations and the weather conditions (negative temperatures, snow). Despite these difficulties, which highlight the viability of UAV for geophysical measurements, a survey of 20 square kilometers with 219 km of profiling was completed 100 m above ground level. Flight line spacing is 100 m above the ophiolitic basement and 200 m above the sedimentary units. Another magnetic UAV survey was flown with another UAV to map a small area 10 m above ground level. Magnetic anomaly maps were computed after standard processing (e.g., calibration/compensation, temporal variation and regional magnetic field corrections, levelling).</p><p>Our first results evidence well-defined magnetic anomalies clearly linked to serpentinite. This shows that the magnetic signal is of sufficient resolution to contribute to a revision of the cartography of the massif combining geological observations and magnetic data.</p><p>In addition, the magnetic susceptibility was measured on 60 outcrops, to support interpretation.</p><p>In this presentation, we focus on the magnetic acquisition campaigns, processing and 2D/3D interpretations by forward modelling and data inversion. Lastly, two items are discussed: 1) contribution of magnetic UAV surveys for geological mapping; and 2) implication of the results on the Chenaillet massif to discuss the contribution of magnetic mapping to the understanding of the TOC or ultra-slow spreading system.</p>

Application of Cellular Communications Models and Designs for Use in Disaster-Aftermath Related Scenarios

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Curran
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Cellular Communications ◽  
Fixed Position ◽  
Above Ground Level ◽  
High Altitude Platforms ◽  
Major Disaster ◽  
Future Strategy ◽  
Low Altitude

This paper is a pilot study on the concept of an aerial base station as a future strategy for restoring cellular communications in the aftermath of a major disaster. The strategy being studied makes use of low altitude platforms (LAPs) or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that can hover or orbit in a relatively fixed position and can act as an aerial base station. Unlike High Altitude Platforms (HAP) operating in a layer of the atmosphere above any existing air traffic, the LAPs or UAVs will be able to operate a few hundred to some thousands of meters above ground level. This paper also describes the functionality of the components comprising the aerial base station.

Isolates of Fusarium graminearum collected 40–320 meters above ground level cause Fusarium head blight in wheat and produce trichothecene mycotoxins

Aerobiologia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Schmale ◽  
S. D. Ross ◽  
T. L. Fetters ◽  
P. Tallapragada ◽  
A. K. Wood-Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Above Ground Level

scholarly journals Fright or Flight? Behavioural Responses of Kangaroos to Drone-Based Monitoring

Drones ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brunton ◽  
Bolin ◽  
Leon ◽  
Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Above Ground Level ◽  
Terrestrial Mammal ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Site Characteristics ◽  
Grey Kangaroo ◽  
Linear Modelling ◽  
Modelling Approach

: Drones are often considered an unobtrusive method of monitoring terrestrial wildlife; however research into whether drones disturb wildlife is in its early stages. This research investigated the potential impacts of drone monitoring on a large terrestrial mammal, the eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus), in urban and peri-urban environments. We assessed the response of kangaroos to drone monitoring by analysing kangaroo behaviour prior to and during drone deployments using a linear modelling approach. We also explored factors that influenced kangaroo responses including drone altitude, site characteristics and kangaroo population dynamics and demographics. We showed that drones elicit a vigilance response, but that kangaroos rarely fled from the drone. However, kangaroos were most likely to flee from a drone flown at an altitude of 30 m. This study suggests that drone altitude is a key consideration for minimising disturbance of large terrestrial mammals and that drone flights at an altitude of 60–100 m above ground level will minimise behavioural impacts. It also highlights the need for more research to assess the level of intrusion and other impacts that drone surveys have on the behaviour of wildlife and the accuracy of the data produced.

scholarly journals Citrus Cutworm Pesticide Efficacy Trials, 1994

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-57
Author(s):  
E. E. Grafton-Cardwell ◽  
C. A. Reagan
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Navel Orange ◽  
Above Ground Level ◽  
Sample Tree ◽  
Efficacy Trials ◽  
Washington Navel ◽  
Extension Center ◽  
Orange Trees ◽  
Detrimental Impact

Abstract Insecticides for the control of citrus cutworm were evaluated on 29 yr old ‘Washington navel’ orange trees at the Lindcove Research and Extension Center, Exeter, CA. The insecticide applications were made on 28-29 Apr with a Bean hand-sprayer at 450 psi and approximately 300 gpa (3—4 gal/tree). Lorsban was applied after sunset to reduce the detrimental impact of the insecticide on honey bees in the orchard. The 14 treatments were assigned based on pretreatment sampling of larvae and each of the treatments were applied to single trees, replicated 8 times. Larval collections were accomplished by placing a canvas beating sheet (112 cm × 75 cm) beneath the outside foliage of the tree and vigorously shaking the foliage 10 times. Citrus cutworm larvae which fell onto the canvas were counted and recorded by instar, then returned to the foliage. Pretreatment larval counts were made on 20 Apr by sampling the northeast and southwest quadrants of each tree. Post treatment counts were made on 9 May by sampling all four quadrants of each sample tree, again recording each instar. Percentage of scarred fruit due to citrus cutworm feeding was evaluated on 7 Sept on each of the sample trees within a 2 m vertical swath around the tree beginning approximately 20 cm above ground level and extending approximately 40 cm into the tree interior. In 1994, late Apr and early May temperatures at Lindcove ranged from relatively cool to warm, with daily maximums between 61°F and 90°F (mean of 72.5°F).

scholarly journals Comparison of tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> vertical columns in an urban environment using satellite, multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy, and in situ measurements

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 2907-2924 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mendolia ◽  
R. J. C. D'Souza ◽  
G. J. Evans ◽  
J. Brook
Keyword(s):  
Optical Absorption ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Remotely Sensed ◽  
Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Vertical Column ◽  
Above Ground Level

Abstract. Tropospheric NO2 vertical column densities have been retrieved and compared for the first time in Toronto, Canada, using three methods of differing spatial scales. Remotely sensed NO2 vertical column densities, retrieved from multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy and satellite remote sensing, were evaluated by comparison with in situ vertical column densities estimated using a pair of chemiluminescence monitors situated 0.01 and 0.5 km a.g.l. (above ground level). The chemiluminescence measurements were corrected for the influence of NOz, which reduced the NO2 concentrations at 0.01 and 0.5 km by an average of 8 ± 1% and 12 ± 1%, respectively. The average absolute decrease in the chemiluminescence NO2 measurement as a result of this correction was less than 1 ppb. The monthly averaged ratio of the NO2 concentration at 0.5 to 0.01 km varied seasonally, and exhibited a negative linear dependence on the monthly average temperature, with Pearson's R = 0.83. During the coldest month, February, this ratio was 0.52 ± 0.04, while during the warmest month, July, this ratio was 0.34 ± 0.04, illustrating that NO2 is not well mixed within 0.5 km above ground level. Good correlation was observed between the remotely sensed and in situ NO2 vertical column densities (Pearson's R value ranging from 0.72 to 0.81), but the in situ vertical column densities were 52 to 58% greater than the remotely sensed columns. These results indicate that NO2 horizontal heterogeneity strongly impacted the magnitude of the remotely sensed columns. The in situ columns reflected an urban environment with major traffic sources, while the remotely sensed NO2 vertical column densities were representative of the region, which included spatial heterogeneity introduced by residential neighbourhoods and Lake Ontario. Despite the difference in absolute values, the reasonable correlation between the vertical column densities determined by three distinct methods increased confidence in the validity of the values provided by each measurement technique.

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