Distributional properties of voice onset time in child speech and adult listener judgments

The purpose of this investigation was to trace first (L1) and second language (L2) segmental speech development in the Austrian German–English late bilingual Arnold Schwarzenegger over a period of 40 years, which makes it the first study to examine a bilingual’s speech development over several decades in both their languages. To this end, acoustic measurements of voice onset time (VOT) durations of word-initial plosives (Study 1) and formant frequencies of the first and second formant of Austrian German and English monophthongs (Study 2) were conducted using speech samples collected from broadcast interviews. The results of Study 1 showed a merging of Schwarzenegger’s German and English voiceless plosives in his late productions as manifested in a significant lengthening of VOT duration in his German plosives, and a shortening of VOT duration in his English plosives, closer to L1 production norms. Similar findings were evidenced in Study 2, revealing that some of Schwarzenegger’s L1 and L2 vowel categories had moved closer together in the course of L2 immersion. These findings suggest that both a bilingual’s first and second language accent is likely to develop and reorganize over time due to dynamic interactions between the first and second language system.

Download Full-text

Phonetic feature size in second language acquisition: Examining VOT in voiceless and voiced stops

Second language Research ◽

10.1177/02676583211008951 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 026765832110089

Author(s):

Daniel J Olson

Keyword(s):

Second Language ◽

Second Language Acquisition ◽

Voice Onset Time ◽

Onset Time ◽

Stop Consonant ◽

Acoustic Similarity ◽

Stop Consonants ◽

Voiceless Stop ◽

English Speaking ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Featural approaches to second language phonetic acquisition posit that the development of new phonetic norms relies on sub-phonemic features, expressed through a constellation of articulatory gestures and their corresponding acoustic cues, which may be shared across multiple phonemes. Within featural approaches, largely supported by research in speech perception, debate remains as to the fundamental scope or ‘size’ of featural units. The current study examines potential featural relationships between voiceless and voiced stop consonants, as expressed through the voice onset time cue. Native English-speaking learners of Spanish received targeted training on Spanish voiceless stop consonant production through a visual feedback paradigm. Analysis focused on the change in voice onset time, for both voiceless (i.e. trained) and voiced (i.e. non-trained) phonemes, across the pretest, posttest, and delayed posttest. The results demonstrated a significant improvement (i.e. reduction) in voice onset time for voiceless stops, which were subject to the training paradigm. In contrast, there was no significant change in the non-trained voiced stop consonants. These results suggest a limited featural relationship, with independent voice onset time (VOT) cues for voiceless and voices phonemes. Possible underlying mechanisms that limit feature generalization in second language (L2) phonetic production, including gestural considerations and acoustic similarity, are discussed.

Download Full-text

VOICE ONSET TIME IN MULTILINGUAL SPEAKERS: ITALIAN HERITAGE SPEAKERS IN GERMANY WITH L3 ENGLISH

Studies in Second Language Acquisition ◽

10.1017/s0272263121000280 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-25

Author(s):

Miriam Geiss ◽

Sonja Gumbsheimer ◽

Anika Lloyd-Smith ◽

Svenja Schmid ◽

Tanja Kupisch

Keyword(s):

Heritage Language ◽

Voice Onset Time ◽

Onset Time ◽

English Speakers ◽

Control Group ◽

Heritage Speakers ◽

Third Language ◽

Bilingual Advantage ◽

L3 Acquisition ◽

Crosslinguistic Influence

Abstract This study brings together two previously largely independent fields of multilingual language acquisition: heritage language and third language (L3) acquisition. We investigate the production of fortis and lenis stops in semi-naturalistic speech in the three languages of 20 heritage speakers (HSs) of Italian with German as a majority language and English as L3. The study aims to identify the extent to which the HSs produce distinct values across all three languages, or whether crosslinguistic influence (CLI) occurs. To this end, we compare the HSs’ voice onset time (VOT) values with those of L2 English speakers from Italy and Germany. The language triad exhibits overlapping and distinct VOT realizations, making VOT a potentially vulnerable category. Results indicate CLI from German into Italian, although a systemic difference is maintained. When speaking English, the HSs show an advantage over the Italian L2 control group, with less prevoicing and longer fortis stops, indicating a specific bilingual advantage.

Download Full-text

Precision of voicing perceptual identification is altered in association with voice-onset time production changes

Experimental Brain Research ◽

10.1007/s00221-019-05584-1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 237 (9) ◽

pp. 2197-2204

Author(s):

Shunsuke Tamura ◽

Kazuhito Ito ◽

Nobuyuki Hirose ◽

Shuji Mori

Keyword(s):

Voice Onset Time ◽

Onset Time ◽

Perceptual Identification ◽

Time Production

Download Full-text

Interlingual Interactions Elicit Performance Mismatches Not “Compromise” Categories in Early Bilinguals: Evidence from Meta-Analysis and Coronal Stops

Languages ◽

10.3390/languages6010009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 9

Author(s):

Joseph V. Casillas

Keyword(s):

Speech Production ◽

Acoustic Analysis ◽

Voice Onset Time ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Onset Time ◽

Comprehensive Assessment ◽

Effect Sizes ◽

Experimental Task ◽

Cumulative Evidence

Previous studies attest that some early bilinguals produce the sounds of their languages in a manner that is characterized as “compromise” with regard to monolingual speakers. The present study uses meta-analytic techniques and coronal stop data from early bilinguals in order to assess this claim. The goal was to evaluate the cumulative evidence for “compromise” voice-onset time (VOT) in the speech of early bilinguals by providing a comprehensive assessment of the literature and presenting an acoustic analysis of coronal stops from early Spanish–English bilinguals. The studies were coded for linguistic and methodological features, as well as effect sizes, and then analyzed using a cross-classified Bayesian meta-analysis. The pooled effect for “compromise” VOT was negligible (β = −0.13). The acoustic analysis of the coronal stop data showed that the early Spanish–English bilinguals often produced Spanish and English targets with mismatched features from their other language. These performance mismatches presumably occurred as a result of interlingual interactions elicited by the experimental task. Taken together, the results suggest that early bilinguals do not have “compromise” VOT, though their speech involves dynamic phonetic interactions that can surface as performance mismatches during speech production.

Download Full-text