scholarly journals A straightforward method for estimating the size of leaks in water pipelines using acoustic transients

2018 ◽  
Vol 144 (5) ◽  
pp. EL404-EL409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjie Wang ◽  
Zhao Li ◽  
Liwen Jing ◽  
Pedro Lee ◽  
Ross Murch
Keyword(s):  
Straightforward Method ◽  
Water Pipelines ◽  
Acoustic Transients

scholarly journals An approximate inverse scattering technique for reconstructing blockage profiles in water pipelines using acoustic transients

2018 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
pp. EL322-EL327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwen Jing ◽  
Zhao Li ◽  
Wenjie Wang ◽  
Amartansh Dubey ◽  
Pedro Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inverse Scattering ◽  
Approximate Inverse ◽  
Scattering Technique ◽  
Water Pipelines ◽  
Acoustic Transients

Direct Plan View FIB Liftout for Near-Surface Defect Analysis in TEM

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max L. Lifson ◽  
Carla M. Chapman ◽  
D. Philip Pokrinchak ◽  
Phyllis J. Campbell ◽  
Greg S. Chrisman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Failure Analysis ◽  
Silicon Germanium ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Surface Defects ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Misfit Dislocations ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Plan View ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Straightforward Method

Abstract Plan view TEM imaging is a powerful technique for failure analysis and semiconductor process characterization. Sample preparation for near-surface defects requires additional care, as the surface of the sample needs to be protected to avoid unintentionally induced damage. This paper demonstrates a straightforward method to create plan view samples in a dual beam focused ion beam (FIB) for TEM studies of near-surface defects, such as misfit dislocations in heteroepitaxial growths. Results show that misfit dislocations are easily imaged in bright-field TEM and STEM for silicon-germanium epitaxial growth. Since FIB tools are ubiquitous in semiconductor failure analysis labs today, the plan view method presented provides a quick to implement, fast, consistent, and straightforward method of generating samples for TEM analysis. While this technique has been optimized for near-surface defects, it can be used with any application requiring plan view TEM analysis.

Maintaining the Camps

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Connie Y. Chiang
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Japanese American ◽  
Alkaline Soil ◽  
Water Pipelines ◽  
American Labor

This chapter focuses on the maintenance of the camps. It explores how wartime shortages and Japanese American labor protests intersected with harsh environmental conditions, complicating the WRA’s efforts to keep the camps running smoothly. One of the first challenges was finding adequate coal to heat the camps during the winter. The WRA then confronted the protests of detainees, who called attention to how seasonal changes added to their labor duties. Alkaline soil, moreover, ate away at water pipelines and required constant repairs. The natural world helped to shape modes of Japanese American resistance, as some individuals refused to work or went on strike.

scholarly journals Co-Translational Insertion of Aquaporins into Liposome for Functional Analysis via an E. coli Based Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Yue ◽  
Tran Nam Trung ◽  
Yiyong Zhu ◽  
Ralf Kaldenhoff ◽  
Lei Kai
Keyword(s):  
Functional Analysis ◽  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Water Channel ◽  
New Approach ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Straightforward Method ◽  
Lipid Environment ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Eukaryotic Organisms

Aquaporins are important and well-studied water channel membrane proteins. However, being membrane proteins, sample preparation for functional analysis is tedious and time-consuming. In this paper, we report a new approach for the co-translational insertion of two aquaporins from Escherichia coli and Nicotiana tabacum using the CFPS system. This was done in the presence of liposomes with a modified procedure to form homogenous proteo-liposomes suitable for functional analysis of water permeability using stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Two model aquaporins, AqpZ and NtPIP2;1, were successfully incorporated into the liposome in their active forms. Shifted green fluorescent protein was fused to the C-terminal part of AqpZ to monitor its insertion and status in the lipid environment. This new fast approach offers a fast and straightforward method for the functional analysis of aquaporins in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms.

Numerical study on the lateral breakout behaviour of deep-water pipelines in clays with surficial crust

2020 ◽  
Vol 218 ◽  
pp. 108239
Author(s):  
Abhishek Ghosh Dastider ◽  
Neelanjan Sarkar ◽  
Santiram Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Water Pipelines
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