A common approach to environmental risk assessment when assessing the level of risk to marine animals during marine seismic surveys is to compare either measured or modelled estimates of underwater sound levels to a known sound level threshold criteria.
Over the years, a number of measures have been used to calculate and characterise underwater sound thresholds, including: sound pressure level (SPL), a root mean square (RMS) calculation, and—more recently—sound exposure level (SEL). SEL was suggested in 2007 by an expert panel of researchers as an appropriate measure to reduce the risk of temporary threshold shift (TTS) occurring in marine animals.
Petroleum Geo-Services (PGS) commissioned an SEL study in preparation for a large MultiClient 3D seismic survey planned for the environmentally sensitive Camden Sound area, Western Australia, in late 2010. The Centre for Marine Science and Technology (CMST) at Curtin University built a comprehensive bathymetric model of the Camden Sound area and used two seabed geoacoustic models, with sand/limestone—as worst case, most reflective—and silt—as best case, least reflective. Acoustic propagation modelling over the frequency range of 8–1 kHz was used to build 3D maps of sound levels throughout all areas relevant to the seismic survey.
The CMST SEL modelling results were integrated with other airgun array and SEL modelling pursued by PGS, and represent part of a broader environmental management strategy by PGS. Discussion is also given to other variants of SEL modelling.
Marine mammal observations report: marine mammal observations during a seismic survey 30 August-4 September 2017, Canada-Korea-USA research expedition in the Canadian Beaufort Sea