The Ganong paradigm: Converging evidence supporting initial phoneme weighting

2003 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 2338-2338
Author(s):  
Erik C. Tracy ◽  
Mark A. Pitt
Keyword(s):  
Initial Phoneme

Disfluency Behavior of Elementary-School Stutterers and Nonstutterers: Loci of Instances of Disfluency

1969 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean E. Williams ◽  
Franklin H. Silverman ◽  
Joseph A. Kools
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Sixth Grade ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Initial Phoneme ◽  
Speech Task ◽  
Sentence Position ◽  
Word Attributes

One hundred fifty-two children from kindergarten and grades one through six, 76 stutterers and 76 nonstutterers, performed a speech task. Each of the kindergarten and first-grade children repeated 10 sentences after the experimenter, and each of the second- through sixth-grade children read a passage. All words judged to have been spoken disfluently were analyzed for the presence of each of Brown’s four word attributes—initial phoneme, grammatical function, sentence position, and word length. Disfluencies were not randomly distributed in the speech of these children. For both stutterers and nonstutterers, disfluencies occurred most frequently on words possessing the same attributes as those reported by Brown to be troublesome for adult stutterers. The findings of this study demonstrate the essential similarity in the loci of instances of disfluency in the speech of (1) children and adults and (2) stutterers and nonstutterers.

Factors affecting L2 phonological awareness in Chinese-Dutch preschoolers

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-128
Author(s):  
Han Yuan ◽  
Eliane Segers ◽  
Ludo Verhoeven
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
First Language ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Initial Phoneme ◽  
Rhyme Awareness ◽  
Bilingual Group ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The present study compared the relationship between Dutch phonological awareness (rhyme awareness, initial phoneme isolation), Dutch speech decoding and Dutch receptive vocabulary in two groups in different linguistic environments: 30 Mandarin Chinese-Dutch bilingual children and 24 monolingual Dutch peers. Chinese vocabulary and phonological awareness were taken into account in the bilingual group. Bilingual children scored below their Dutch monolingual counterparts on all Dutch tasks. In the bilingual group, Dutch rhyme awareness was predicted by Dutch speech decoding, both directly, and indirectly via Dutch receptive vocabulary. When adding Chinese proficiency to the model, Chinese rhyme awareness was found to mediate the relationship between Dutch speech decoding and Dutch rhyme awareness. It can thus be concluded that second language (L2) phonological awareness in Chinese-Dutch kindergartners is affected by their L2 speech and vocabulary level, on the one hand, and their level of phonological awareness in the first language (L1).

The influence of the native language on phonological preparation in spoken word production in a second language

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-151
Author(s):  
Chuchu Li ◽  
Yakov Kronrod ◽  
Min Wang
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Initial Phoneme ◽  
Spoken Word Production ◽  
Similar Phoneme ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Three experiments investigated the phonological preparation unit in planning English spoken words, comparing English monolinguals, native Chinese and Japanese-speakers who spoke English as their second language. All three groups named pictures in English, and the names could either share the same initial phoneme, mora, or syllable, or had no systematic commonality. A phoneme preparation effect was shown among English monolinguals but not among the two bilingual groups, suggesting that the phoneme is the phonological preparation unit for English monolinguals, but not for the two bilingual groups. All three groups showed mora and syllable preparation effects, but further analysis and a follow-up experiment suggested that Chinese-English bilinguals may treat morae as open syllables. English monolinguals showed similar phoneme and mora preparation effect sizes, possibly as a result of flexibility. Together, the selection of phonological preparation could be flexible, influenced by both the nature of the target language and speakers’ language experiences.

The Effects of Speaker Accent and Target Predictability on Perception of Mispronunciations

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy M. Schmid ◽  
Grace H. Yeni-Komshian
Keyword(s):  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Foreign Accent ◽  
Initial Phoneme ◽  
Accented Speech ◽  
Native Speech ◽  
Processing Effort ◽  
Target Words

This study makes use of a listening for mispronunciation task to examine how native English listeners perceive sentences produced by non-native speakers. The effects of target predictability and degree of foreign accent were investigated. Native and non-native speakers produced English sentences containing mispronunciation. Mispronunciations (MPs) were constructed by changing the initial phoneme of target words by a single distinctive feature along the dimensions of voicing, place, or manner. Results showed that listeners (a) were more accurate and faster in detecting MPs produced by native than non-native speakers, (b) were more accurate and faster in detecting MPs in predictable than unpredictable sentences, and (3) were more accurate in detecting MPs produced by non-native speakers with milder accents, as compared to heavier accents. These findings suggest that listening to fairly intelligible but accented speech requires increased processing effort—possibly because of subtle differences in intelligibility and increased variability characteristic of non-native speech.

Event-Related Potential Components Reflect Phonological and Semantic Processing of the Terminal Word of Spoken Sentences

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 256-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Connolly ◽  
Natalie A. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Cohort Model ◽  
Brain Potential ◽  
Initial Phoneme ◽  
The Third ◽  
Phonological Mismatch

An event-related brain potential (ERP) reflecting the acoustic-phonetic process in the phonological stage of word processing was recorded to the terminal words of spoken sentences. The peak latency of this negative-going response occurred between 270 and 300 msec after the onset of the terminal word. The independence of this response (the phonological mismatch negativity, PMN) from the ERP component known to be sensitive to semantic violations (N400) was demonstrated by manipulating sentence endings so that phonemic and semantic violations occurred together or separately. Four conditions used sentences that ended with (1) the highest Cloze probability word (e.g., “The piano was out of tune.”), (2) a word having the same initial phoneme of the highest Cloze probability word but that was, in fact, semantically anomalous (e.g., “The gambler had a streak of bad luggage.”), (3) a word having an initial phoneme different from that of the highest Cloze probability word but that was, in fact, semantically appropriate (e.g., “Don caught the ball with his glove.”), or (4) a word that was semantically anomalous and, therefore, had an initial phoneme that was totally unexpected given the sentence's context (e.g., “The dog chased our cat up the queen”). Neither the PMN nor the N400 was found in the first condition. Only an N400 was observed in the second condition while only a PMN was seen in the third. Both responses were elicited in the last condition. Finally, a delayed N400 occurred to semantic violations in the second condition where the initial phoneme was identical to that of the highest Cloze probability ending. Results are discussed with regard to the Cohort model of word recognition.

Loci of Disfluencies in the Speech of Nonstutterers During Oral Reading

1967 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 790-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin H. Silverman ◽  
Dean E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Oral Reading ◽  
Word Length ◽  
Grammatical Function ◽  
Initial Phoneme ◽  
Sentence Position ◽  
Word Characteristics

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether “disfluencies” in the speech of nonstutterers occur most frequently on words possessing the four linguistic attributes which Brown (1945) reported were related to the occurrence of “stutterings” in the speech of his stutterers. A group of 24 male nonstutterers, ranging in age from 18 to 34 years, read the same 1000-word passage used by Brown. All words judged to have been spoken disfluently, a total of 226, were analyzed for the presence of Brown’s four word characteristics, i.e., initial phoneme, grammatical function, sentence position, and word length. Disfluencies were not randomly distributed in the speech of these nonstutterers. Disfluencies occurred most frequently on words possessing the same attributes (except sentence position) as the words on which Brown reported his stutterers stuttered. The findings of this study demonstrate the essential similarity of the loci of the normal speaker’s disfluencies and the stutterer’s “stutterings.”

Phonetic Profiles of Toddlers With Specific Expressive Language Impairment (SLI-E)

1996 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Rescorla ◽  
Nan Bernstein Ratner
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Expressive Language ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Language Deficits ◽  
Initial Phoneme ◽  
Matched Group ◽  
Spontaneous Language ◽  
The Mean

Spontaneous language samples of 30 24-month-old toddlers diagnosed with Specific Expressive Language Impairment (SLI-E) were compared with samples produced by an age-matched group of 30 typically developing toddlers. Vocalization patterns, phonetic inventories, and syllable formation patterns were compared. Toddlers with SLI-E vocalized significantly less often than their typically developing peers, had proportionately smaller consonantal and vowel inventories, and used a more restricted and less mature array of syllable shapes. Although the mean incidence of phoneme usage varied significantly in all comparisons, profiles of consonant usage were similar between the two groups for initial phoneme usage, but considerably different for final consonant closure. Such patterns of vocal and phonetic behavior confirm earlier reports of phonetic delay in SLI-E, and suggest that nongrammatical factors contribute to the development of expressive language deficits in toddlers. We further propose a bidirectional model for the expressive deficits in SLI-E, in which the child’s limited phonetic capacity interacts with propensities in caretaker interaction to further reduce opportunities for expressive language learning and practice.

Phonological Preparation in Korean: Phoneme, or Syllable or Another Unit?

2021 ◽  
pp. 002383092110200
Author(s):  
Chuchu Li ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Say Young Kim ◽  
Donald J. Bolger ◽  
Kelly Wright
Keyword(s):  
Early Literacy ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
The Body ◽  
Naming Speed ◽  
Initial Phoneme ◽  
Spoken Word Production ◽  
Initial Syllable ◽  
Korean Speakers ◽  
Native Korean Speakers ◽  
Joint Contribution

With three experiments, the present study investigated the primary phonological preparation (PP) unit in spoken word production in Korean. Adopting the form preparation paradigm, 23 native Korean speakers named pictures in homogenous or heterogenous lists. In homogenous lists, the names of the pictures shared the same initial phoneme (Experiment 1), initial consonant + vowel (i.e., CV) body (Experiment 2), or initial consonant + vowel + consonant (CVC) syllable (Experiment 3); and in heterogenous lists, the names did not share any phonological components systematically. Compared to naming pictures in heterogenous lists, participants’ naming speed was significantly faster when the initial body or the initial syllable of target names was shared. However, this form preparation effect was not shown in Experiment 1, when only the initial phoneme was shared. These results suggested that the body serves as the primary PP unit in Korean, that is, native Korean speakers tend to plan spoken words in a body–coda fashion, probably due to a joint contribution from the strong prevalence of the CV structure and early literacy instructional approach.

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