Speech word recognizing apparatus using information indicative of the relative significance of speech features

AbstractThe last decade brought significant advances in automatic speech recognition (ASR) thanks to the evolution of deep learning methods. ASR systems evolved from pipeline-based systems, that modeled hand-crafted speech features with probabilistic frameworks and generated phone posteriors, to end-to-end (E2E) systems, that translate the raw waveform directly into words using one deep neural network (DNN). The transcription accuracy greatly increased, leading to ASR technology being integrated into many commercial applications. However, few of the existing ASR technologies are suitable for integration in embedded applications, due to their hard constrains related to computing power and memory usage. This overview paper serves as a guided tour through the recent literature on speech recognition and compares the most popular ASR implementations. The comparison emphasizes the trade-off between ASR performance and hardware requirements, to further serve decision makers in choosing the system which fits best their embedded application. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide this kind of trade-off analysis for state-of-the-art ASR systems.

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Mapping Groundwater Potential for Irrigation, by Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing Techniques: A Case Study of District Lower Dir, Pakistan

Atmosphere ◽

10.3390/atmos12060669 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (6) ◽

pp. 669

Author(s):

Abid Sarwar ◽

Sajid Rashid Ahmad ◽

Muhammad Ishaq Asif Rehmani ◽

Muhammad Asif Javid ◽

Shazia Gulzar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Water Table ◽

Groundwater Potential ◽

Geographical Information ◽

Groundwater Potential Zone ◽

Potential Zone ◽

Relative Significance ◽

High Good ◽

Groundwater Potentiality ◽

Very High

The changing climate and global warming have rendered existing surface water insufficient, which is projected to adversely influence the irrigated farming systems globally. Consequently, groundwater demand has increased significantly owing to increasing population and demand for plant-based foods especially in South Asia and Pakistan. This study aimed to determine the potential areas for groundwater use for agriculture sector development in the study area Lower Dir District. ArcGIS 10.4 was utilized for geospatial analysis, which is referred to as Multi Influencing Factor (MIF) methodology. Seven parameters including land cover, geology, soil, rainfall, underground faults (liniment) density, drainage density, and slope, were utilized for delineation purpose. Considering relative significance and influence of each parameter in the groundwater recharge rating and weightage was given and potential groundwater areas were classified into very high, high, good, and poor. The result of classification disclosed that the areas of 113.10, 659.38, 674.68, and 124.17 km2 had very high, high, good, and poor potential for groundwater agricultural uses, respectively. Field surveys for water table indicated groundwater potentiality, which was high for Kotkay and Lalqila union councils having shallow water table. However, groundwater potentiality was poor in Zimdara, Khal, and Talash, characterized with a very deep water table. Moreover, the study effectively revealed that remote sensing and GIS could be developed as potent tools for mapping potential sites for groundwater utilization. Furthermore, MIF technique could be a suitable approach for delineation of groundwater potential zone, which can be applied for further research in different areas.

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Relative Significance of Specific Pulmonary Adaptations to Altitude Acclimatization

CHEST Journal ◽

10.1378/chest.61.2_supplement.51s ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 51S-53S

Author(s):

J.A. Dempsey ◽

W.G. Reddan ◽

M.L. Birnbaum ◽

H.V. Forester ◽

J. Thoden ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Significance ◽

Altitude Acclimatization

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The Impact of Differentiation on Cytotoxicity and Insulin Sensitivity in Streptozotocin Treated SH-SY5Y Cells

Neurochemical Research ◽

10.1007/s11064-021-03269-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 1350-1358

Author(s):

Fruzsina Bagaméry ◽

Kamilla Varga ◽

Kitti Kecsmár ◽

István Vincze ◽

Éva Szökő ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Insulin Signaling ◽

Glycogen Synthase ◽

Insulin Metabolism ◽

Relative Significance ◽

Differentiated Cells ◽

Mature Neuron ◽

The Right ◽

The Impact

AbstractRecently neuronal insulin resistance was suggested playing a role in Alzheimer’s disease. Streptozotocin (STZ) is commonly used to induce impairment in insulin metabolism. In our previous work on undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells the compound exerted cytotoxicity without altering insulin sensitivity. Nevertheless, differentiation of the cells to a more mature neuron-like phenotype may considerably affect the significance of insulin signaling and its sensitivity to STZ. We aimed at studying the influence of STZ treatment on insulin signaling in SH-SY5Y cells differentiated by retinoic acid (RA). Cytotoxicity of STZ or low serum (LS) condition and protective effect of insulin were compared in RA differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. The effect of insulin and an incretin analogue, exendin-4 on insulin signaling was also examined by assessing glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) phosphorylation. STZ was found less cytotoxic in the differentiated cells compared to our previous results in undifferentiated SH-SY5Y cells. The cytoprotective concentration of insulin was similar in the STZ and LS groups. However, the right-shifted concentration–response curve of insulin induced GSK-3 phosphorylation in STZ-treated differentiated cells is suggestive of the development of insulin resistance that was further confirmed by the insulin potentiating effect of exendin-4. Differentiation reduced the sensitivity of SH-SY5Y cells for the non-specific cytotoxicity of STZ and enhanced the relative significance of development of insulin resistance. The differentiated cells thus serve as a better model for studying the role of insulin signaling in neuronal survival. However, direct cytotoxicity of STZ also contributes to the cell death.

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Realism and the Epistemic Objectivity of Science

KRITERION – Journal of Philosophy ◽

10.1515/krt-2021-0002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 5-20

Author(s):

Howard Sankey

Keyword(s):

Scientific Theory ◽

Theory Choice ◽

Relative Significance

Abstract The paper presents a realist account of the epistemic objectivity of science. Epistemic objectivity is distinguished from ontological objectivity and the objectivity of truth. As background, T.S. Kuhn’s idea that scientific theory-choice is based on shared scientific values with a role for both objective and subjective factors is discussed. Kuhn’s values are epistemologically ungrounded, hence provide a minimal sense of objectivity. A robust account of epistemic objectivity on which methodological norms are reliable means of arriving at the truth is presented. The problem remains that deliberative judgement is required to determine the relevance and relative significance of a range of methodological norms. A role is sketched for cognitive virtues which may be exercised in the course of the deliberative judgement.

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