Subaudible tones and the pulsation threshold procedure

1981 ◽  
Vol 69 (S1) ◽  
pp. S66-S66
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Ayres ◽  
Blake C. Papsin ◽  
T. Dean Clack
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Procedure

Selective reinforcement of conflict processing in the Stroop task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Prével ◽  
Ruth Krebs ◽  
Nanne Kukkonen ◽  
Senne Braem
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Stroop Effect ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Conflict Processing ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Threshold Procedure ◽  
Reward Contingencies ◽  
New Guidelines

Motivation signals have been shown to influence the engagement of cognitive control processes. However, most studies focus on the invigorating effect of reward prospect, rather than the reinforcing effect of reward feedback. The present study aimed to test whether people strategically adapt conflict processing when confronted with condition-specific congruency-reward contingencies in a manual Stroop task. Results show that the size of the Stroop effect can be affected by selectively rewarding responses following incongruent versus congruent trials. However, our findings also suggest important boundary conditions. Our first two experiments only show a modulation of the Stroop effect in the first half of the experimental blocks, possibly due to our adaptive threshold procedure demotivating adaptive behavior over time. The third experiment showed an overall modulation of the Stroop effect, but did not find evidence for a similar modulation on test items, leaving open whether this effect generalizes to the congruency conditions, or is stimulus-specific. More generally, our results are consistent with computational models of cognitive control and support contemporary learning perspectives on cognitive control. The findings also offer new guidelines and directions for future investigations on the selective reinforcement of cognitive control processes.

Use of a Monosyllabic Adaptive Speech Test (MAST) with Young Children

1986 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerrie Mackie ◽  
Phillip Dermody
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Frequency Effect ◽  
Word Frequency Effect ◽  
Closed Set ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
Speech Test ◽  
Threshold Procedure ◽  
Monosyllabic Words ◽  
Conductive Hearing

Sixty children aged 3, 5, and 7 years were tested using a simple up-down adaptive speech threshold procedure. The test stimuli were familiar monosyllabic words presented as a closed set with a picture-pointing response. The results indicate that monosyllabic adaptive speech test (MAST) procedures can be used reliably with children as young as 3 years of age. Thirty of the children also received a different randomization of the same speech stimuli presented at a constant level, equal to their MAST threshold. The results confirmed the accuracy of the MAST estimate of the children's 50% speech threshold. Further support for the validity of the MAST threshold procedure with young children was obtained using a group of 10 children with conductive hearing loss. Their results show a significant correlation between the MAST threshold and pure-tone loss. The data also indicated significant improvement in MAST thresholds over the three age groups investigated. These developmental changes are discussed in terms of a word frequency effect.

Sensory Dominance in Normal and Backward Readers

1966 ◽  
Vol 23 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1055-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk J. Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Reading Difficulties ◽  
Sensory Systems ◽  
Visual Sensitivity ◽  
Difference Threshold ◽  
Information Process ◽  
Threshold Procedure ◽  
Rank Differences ◽  
Sensory Dominance

32 children (10 normal readers, 10 non-resistant backward readers, and 12 resistant backward readers) were examined for visual and kinaesthetic sensitivity, as measured by a difference-threshold procedure. Birch's hypothesis that the failure of the visual system to be dominant in sensory systems may lead to reading difficulties was tested. To verify this hypothesis the rank-differences, S's visual minus his kinaesthetic threshold rank, should be larger in backward than in normal readers. Results support the hypothesis In addition, it appeared that the dyslectics differ from normal readers not so much by greater kinaesthetic as by lower visual sensitivity. The existence of a smaller visual dominance in dyslectics may be responsible for kinaesthetic interference in the visual information process in reading.

scholarly journals Does the choice of response time threshold procedure substantially affect inferences concerning the identification and exclusion of rapid guessing responses? A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Rios ◽  
Jiayi Deng
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Performance Outcomes ◽  
Measurement Properties ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Group Score ◽  
Time Threshold ◽  
Threshold Procedure

Abstract Background In testing contexts that are predominately concerned with power, rapid guessing (RG) has the potential to undermine the validity of inferences made from educational assessments, as such responses are unreflective of the knowledge, skills, and abilities assessed. Given this concern, practitioners/researchers have utilized a multitude of response time threshold procedures that classify RG responses in these contexts based on either the use of no empirical data (e.g., an arbitrary time limit), response time distributions, and the combination of response time and accuracy information. As there is little understanding of how these procedures compare to each other, this meta-analysis sought to investigate whether threshold typology is related to differences in descriptive, measurement property, and performance outcomes in these contexts. Methods Studies were sampled that: (a) employed two or more response time (RT) threshold procedures to identify and exclude RG responses on the same computer-administered low-stakes power test; and (b) evaluated differences between procedures on the proportion of RG responses and responders, measurement properties, and test performance. Results Based on as many as 86 effect sizes, our findings indicated non-negligible differences between RT threshold procedures in the proportion of RG responses and responders. The largest differences for these outcomes were observed between procedures using no empirical data and those relying on response time and accuracy information. However, these differences were not related to variability in aggregate-level measurement properties and test performance. Conclusions When filtering RG responses to improve inferences concerning item properties and group score outcomes, the actual threshold procedure chosen may be of less importance than the act of identifying such deleterious responses. However, given the conservative nature of RT thresholds that use no empirical data, practitioners may look to avoid the use of these procedures when making inferences at the individual-level, given their potential for underclassifying RG.

Measurement of Speech Thresholds of Spanish-Speaking Children by Non-Spanish Speaking Clinicians

1978 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick N. Martin ◽  
Donna Beth Hart
Keyword(s):  
Pure Tone ◽  
Word List ◽  
Spanish Speaking ◽  
Pure Tone Average ◽  
Spanish Word ◽  
Threshold Procedure ◽  
Good Agreement

This study investigated the feasibility of a prerecorded speech threshold procedure that was used in a picture-pointing format, and was administered to Spanish-speaking children by non-Spanish-speaking clinicians. The derived Spanish word list was compared for equivalency to English spondees on a group of bilingual adults. The test, administered to 16 children ages three to six years, resulted in good agreement between SRT and pure-tone average. The test was found to be feasible, rapid, and reliable.

Infant Thresholds with Enhanced Attention to the Signal in Visual Reinforcement Audiometry

1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Primus
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Modified Technique ◽  
Auditory Thresholds ◽  
Visual Reinforcement ◽  
Adult Performance ◽  
Attentional Effect ◽  
Threshold Procedure ◽  
Infant Attention ◽  
Operant Procedure ◽  
Attentional Behavior

Experimental data show a discrepancy between adult auditory thresholds and best estimates of infant thresholds. The source of the discrepancy has not been determined. Attentional differences between infants and adults and procedural differences to accommodate infant attentional behavior may account at least in part for the discrepancy. A standard operant procedure, Visual Reinforcement Audiometry (VRA), was modified to enhance infant attention to impending auditory signals. Results on 16 infants evaluated with conventional VRA and modified VRA revealed an average 5.5 dB improvement in threshold with the modified technique. Correction for adult performance in similar tasks indicated a 3.3 dB attentional effect between infant and adult thresholds. The shift in threshold reflects on the adequacy Of VRA as a threshold procedure.

scholarly journals Selective reinforcement of conflict processing in the Stroop task

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0255430
Author(s):  
Arthur Prével ◽  
Ruth M. Krebs ◽  
Nanne Kukkonen ◽  
Senne Braem
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Stroop Effect ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Conflict Processing ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Threshold Procedure ◽  
Reward Contingencies ◽  
New Guidelines

Motivation signals have been shown to influence the engagement of cognitive control processes. However, most studies focus on the invigorating effect of reward prospect, rather than the reinforcing effect of reward feedback. The present study aimed to test whether people strategically adapt conflict processing when confronted with condition-specific congruency-reward contingencies in a manual Stroop task. Results show that the size of the Stroop effect can be affected by selectively rewarding responses following incongruent versus congruent trials. However, our findings also suggest important boundary conditions. Our first two experiments only show a modulation of the Stroop effect in the first half of the experimental blocks, possibly due to our adaptive threshold procedure demotivating adaptive behavior over time. The third experiment showed an overall modulation of the Stroop effect, but did not find evidence for a similar modulation on test items, leaving open whether this effect generalizes to the congruency conditions, or is stimulus-specific. More generally, our results are consistent with computational models of cognitive control and support contemporary learning perspectives on cognitive control. The findings also offer new guidelines and directions for future investigations on the selective reinforcement of cognitive control processes.

scholarly journals A Fuzzy Logic System for Seizure Onset Detection in Intracranial EEG

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Fazle Rabbi ◽  
Reza Fazel-Rezai
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Rule ◽  
Epileptogenic Zone ◽  
Onset Detection ◽  
Seizure Onset ◽  
Intracranial Eeg ◽  
Fuzzy Algorithms ◽  
Remote Zone ◽  
Threshold Procedure ◽  
Eeg Recordings ◽  
Logic System

We present a multistage fuzzy rule-based algorithm for epileptic seizure onset detection. Amplitude, frequency, and entropy-based features were extracted from intracranial electroencephalogram (iEEG) recordings and considered as the inputs for a fuzzy system. These features extracted from multichannel iEEG signals were combined using fuzzy algorithms both in feature domain and in spatial domain. Fuzzy rules were derived based on experts' knowledge and reasoning. An adaptive fuzzy subsystem was used for combining characteristics features extracted from iEEG. For the spatial combination, three channels from epileptogenic zone and one from remote zone were considered into another fuzzy subsystem. Finally, a threshold procedure was applied to the fuzzy output derived from the final fuzzy subsystem. The method was evaluated on iEEG datasets selected from Freiburg Seizure Prediction EEG (FSPEEG) database. A total of 112.45 hours of intracranial EEG recordings was selected from 20 patients having 56 seizures was used for the system performance evaluation. The overall sensitivity of 95.8% with false detection rate of 0.26 per hour and average detection latency of 15.8 seconds was achieved.

A Tangibly Reinforced Speech Reception Threshold Procedure for Use with Small Children

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-338
Author(s):  
Frederick N. Martin ◽  
Sherry Coombes
Keyword(s):  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Sound Field ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
New Method ◽  
Small Children ◽  
Field System ◽  
Speech Reception ◽  
Threshold Procedure ◽  
Speech Reception Thresholds ◽  
Hearing Children

Forty normal-hearing children between 17 and 56 months were tested using a new method for determining speech reception thresholds. The words employed were names for parts of a device that was in the form of a colorful clown. The device automatically rewarded the child with a small piece of candy each time he pressed the part of the clown that had been announced through the sound field system of a speech audiometer. Results showed that operant conditioning speech audiometry using tangible reinforcers is feasible for small children. Both boys and girls can be tested accurately by this method down to age two and one-half years.

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