Erratum: Developmental study of vowel formant frequencies in an imitation task[ J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 65, 208 (1979)]

1979 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 1214-1214
Author(s):  
R. D. Kent ◽  
L. L. Forner
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Study ◽  
Formant Frequencies ◽  
Vowel Formant

Associations Between Speaking Fundamental Frequency, Vowel Formant Frequencies, and Listener Perceptions of Speaker Gender and Vocal Femininity–Masculinity

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Yeptain Leung ◽  
Jennifer Oates ◽  
Siew-Pang Chan ◽  
Viktória Papp
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Formant Frequencies ◽  
Vowel Formant ◽  
Vowel Space ◽  
Australian English ◽  
Speaking Fundamental Frequency

Purpose The aim of the study was to examine associations between speaking fundamental frequency ( f os ), vowel formant frequencies ( F ), listener perceptions of speaker gender, and vocal femininity–masculinity. Method An exploratory study was undertaken to examine associations between f os , F 1 – F 3 , listener perceptions of speaker gender (nominal scale), and vocal femininity–masculinity (visual analog scale). For 379 speakers of Australian English aged 18–60 years, f os mode and F 1 – F 3 (12 monophthongs; total of 36 F s) were analyzed on a standard reading passage. Seventeen listeners rated speaker gender and vocal femininity–masculinity on randomized audio recordings of these speakers. Results Model building using principal component analysis suggested the 36 F s could be succinctly reduced to seven principal components (PCs). Generalized structural equation modeling (with the seven PCs of F and f os as predictors) suggested that only F 2 and f os predicted listener perceptions of speaker gender (male, female, unable to decide). However, listener perceptions of vocal femininity–masculinity behaved differently and were predicted by F 1 , F 3 , and the contrast between monophthongs at the extremities of the F 1 acoustic vowel space, in addition to F 2 and f os . Furthermore, listeners' perceptions of speaker gender also influenced ratings of vocal femininity–masculinity substantially. Conclusion Adjusted odds ratios highlighted the substantially larger contribution of F to listener perceptions of speaker gender and vocal femininity–masculinity relative to f os than has previously been reported.

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