Effects of syllable structure on reaction times in a delayed naming task

2008 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 3883-3883
Author(s):  
Christine Mooshammer ◽  
Louis Goldstein ◽  
Mark Tiede ◽  
Hosung Nam ◽  
Man Gao
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Syllable Structure

The processing of blend words in naming and sentence reading

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-857
Author(s):  
Rebecca L Johnson ◽  
Sarah Rose Slate ◽  
Allison R Teevan ◽  
Barbara J Juhasz
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Processing Times ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Word Familiarity ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Research exploring the processing of morphologically complex words, such as compound words, has found that they are decomposed into their constituent parts during processing. Although much is known about the processing of compound words, very little is known about the processing of lexicalised blend words, which are created from parts of two words, often with phoneme overlap (e.g., brunch). In the current study, blends were matched with non-blend words on a variety of lexical characteristics, and blend processing was examined using two tasks: a naming task and an eye-tracking task that recorded eye movements during reading. Results showed that blend words were processed more slowly than non-blend control words in both tasks. Blend words led to longer reaction times in naming and longer processing times on several eye movement measures compared to non-blend words. This was especially true for blends that were long, rated low in word familiarity, but were easily recognisable as blends.

The Effects of Case Mixing on Word Recognition: Evidence from a PET Study

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 844-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Mayall ◽  
Glyn W. Humphreys ◽  
Andrea Mechelli ◽  
Andrew Olson ◽  
Cathy J. Price
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Feature Detection ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Mixed Case ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
The Right ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Language Areas

The early stages of visual word recognition were investigated by scanning participants using PET as they took part in implicit and explicit reading tasks with visually disrupted stimuli. CaSe MiXiNg has been shown in behavioral studies to increase reaction times (RTs) in naming and other word recognition tasks. In this study, we found that during both an implicit (feature detection) task and an explicit word-naming task, mixed-case words compared to same-case words produced increased activation in an area of the right parietal cortex previously associated with visual attention. No effect of case was found in this area for pseudowords or consonant strings. Further, lowering the contrast of the stimuli slowed RTs as much as case mixing, but did not lead to the same increase in right parietal activation. No significant effect of case mixing was observed in left-hemisphere language areas. The results suggest that reading mixed-case words requires increased attentional processing. However, later word recognition processes may be relatively unaffected by the disruption in presentation.

Processing of Spanish Preterite Regular and Irregular Verbs: The Role of Neighborhood Density

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Rodríguez-González
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Phonological Similarity ◽  
Neighborhood Density ◽  
Inflectional Morphology ◽  
Irregular Verbs

Research into lexical processes shows that frequency and phonological similarity (neighborhood density) affect word processing and retrieval. Previous studies on inflectional morphology have examined the influence of frequency of occurrence in speech production on the inflectional verb paradigm in English. Limited work has been done to examine the influence of phonological similarity in languages with a more complex morphological system than English. The present study examined the influence of neighborhood density on the processing of Spanish Preterite regular and irregular verbs as produced by thirty native speakers of Spanish. The results of a naming task showed that regular verbs were processed faster and more accurately than irregular ones. Similar to what has been observed in English, a facilitative effect of neighborhood density for –ir verbs was observed in both regular and irregular verbs, such that –ir verbs with dense neighborhoods were produced faster and more accurately than –ir verbs with sparse neighborhoods. However, no neighborhood density effects were observed for –ar verbs (regular and irregular) in reaction times and accuracy rates. Thus, the activation of a specific –ir verb was facilitated by similar sounding verbs regardless of being regular and irregular. Implications for models of morphology language processing are discussed.

Meta-Analysis of Response Time Data in a Single Experiment

1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1103-1113
Author(s):  
Jenn-Yeu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Time Series Regression ◽  
Single Experiment ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Conventional Analysis

Conventional analysis based on mean response times does not fully utilize data and also ignores the difference in precision among the means by weighting each mean equally. A meta-analysis was applied to the reaction time data obtained from the Stroop color-naming task in a single experiment which employed a mixed design. It treated each subject as an independent replication of the same experiment and the same hypothesis. Individual subjects' data were first analyzed with a time-series regression adjusting for lag 1 autocorrelation. Results from these analyses were, then, combined to estimate the over-all effect size as well as significance level. A between-subject factor was also analyzed to assess its influence on the effect sizes and the significance levels. When these analyses were contrasted with the conventional analysis of mean reaction times, the meta-analysis based on reaction times of individual trials yielded a more powerful test of the research hypotheses than the conventional analysis based on mean reaction times for these trials. The advantages and possible limitations of the within-study meta-analysis are discussed.

Visual and Lexical Factors in Naming Speed by Children with Reading Disorders

2002 ◽  
Vol 95 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1196-1198
Author(s):  
Marianna M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Picture Naming ◽  
Task Analysis ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Naming Speed ◽  
Reading Disorders ◽  
Hemispheric Processing ◽  
Lexical Factors

Reaction times of 12 reading disordered and 12 normally reading children and 12 adults were investigated with a visual half-field tachistoscopic picture-naming task. Analysis indicated slower picture-naming times for children with reading disorders. Hemispheric processing models suggested neurolinguistic maturation for rapid picture-naming speed.

Lexical Priming in Picture Naming of Young Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 278-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Pellowski ◽  
Edward G. Conture
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Unrelated Word ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Semantic Priming Effect ◽  
Prime Condition

The purpose of this investigation was to assess the influence of lexical/semantic priming on the speech reaction time of young children who do and do not stutter during a picture-naming task. Participants were 23 children who stutter, age-matched (±4 months) to 23 children who do not stutter, ranging in age from 3;0 (years;months) to 5;11. Procedures involved a computer-assisted picture-naming task, during which each participant was presented with the same set of 28 pictures in each of 3 different conditions: (a) no-prime condition, in which no auditory stimulus was presented before picture display; (b) related-prime condition, in which a word, semantically related to the target picture, was presented auditorily 700 ms before picture display; and (c) unrelated-prime condition, in which a semantically unrelated word was presented auditorily 700 ms before picture display. Results indicated that when compared with a no-prime condition, presentation of semantically related words before the picture-naming response led to shorter or faster speech reaction times for children who do not stutter, but for children who stutter, it led to longer or slower speech reaction times. Moreover, children who do not stutter and who had higher receptive vocabulary scores exhibited faster speech reaction times and a greater semantic priming effect, whereas no such relationships were found for children who stutter. Findings were taken to suggest that children who stutter may exhibit subtle difficulties with lexical encoding and that this difficulty with speech-language planning may be one variable that contributes to childhood stuttering.

scholarly journals Storage and retrieval of addition facts: The role of number comparison

2001 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 1005-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Butterworth ◽  
Marco Zorzi ◽  
Luisa Girelli ◽  
A.R. Jonckheere
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Single Digit ◽  
Magnitude Comparison ◽  
Comparison Stage ◽  
Storage And Retrieval ◽  
Addition Task ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Fact Retrieval

It is proposed that arithmetical facts are organized in memory in terms of a principle that is unique to numbers—the cardinal magnitudes of the addends. This implies that sums such as 4 + 2 and 2 + 4 are represented, and searched for, in terms of the maximum and minimum addends. This in turn implies that a critical stage in solving an addition problem is deciding which addend is the larger. The COMP model of addition fact retrieval incorporates a comparison stage, as well as a retrieval stage and a pronunciation stage. Three tasks, using the same subjects, were designed to assess the contribution of these three stages to retrieving the answers to single-digit addition problems. Task 3 was the addition task, which examined whether reaction times (RTs) were explained by the model; Task 1 was a number naming task to assess the contribution of the pronunciation stage; Task 2 was a magnitude comparison task to assess the contribution, if any, of the comparison stage. A regression equation that included just expressions of these three stages was found to account for 71% of the variance. It is argued that the COMP model fits not only the adult RT data better than do alternatives, but also the evidence from development of additional skills.

scholarly journals Cognitive Control and Bilingualism: The Bilingual Advantage Through the Lens of Dimensional Overlap

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melodie Bellegarda ◽  
Pedro Macizo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Incorrect Response ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Response Level

Past research shows that the bilingual experience may enhance cognitive executive function. In this experiment, we evaluated cognitive control in bilinguals relative to monolinguals by using a dimensional overlap model to predict performance in a task composed of Stroop and Simon stimuli. A group of 24 Spanish monolinguals and 24 bilinguals with differing first languages and all having Spanish as a second language (L2) did a picture naming task and a task composed of Stroop and Simon stimuli, where the effect of different overlap conditions (spatial/color) between stimuli and responses were examined. The tasks were performed in Spanish for both groups and performance was indexed with behavioral and electrophysiological measures. We hypothesized that the bilinguals’ daily language practice in L2 reflected overlap conditions similar to the Simon task. Both naming a picture in L2 and the Simon task would involve conflict at the response level. L2 picture naming entails interference between two potential oral responses, to name in L2 vs. L1 (correct vs. incorrect responses, respectively). Similarly, incongruent stimuli in the Simon task produce interference because the irrelevant dimension (spatial location) overlap with an incorrect response. In contrast, the manual Stroop task involves a different type of conflict between two overlapping stimulus dimensions (the ink color and the color meaning). We predicted for these reasons a superior performance in Simon tasks over Stroop tasks for bilinguals, while monolinguals were expected to have a similar performance in both tasks. We also expected to see a correlation between the performance on the picture naming task and the Simon task in bilinguals. However, the behavioral results did not confirm these hypotheses. In fact, both groups had similar congruency effects as measured by reaction times and error rates, and there was no correlation between the picture naming and Simon task in bilinguals. Despite this, the electrophysiological data suggested a relationship between the picture naming task and the P300 congruency effect in bilinguals. Our findings provide insights into the neurocognitive bases of language and serve as a research avenue for language behaviors in bilinguals.

scholarly journals Relative Embodiment of Japanese Verbs

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Masaya Mochizuki ◽  
Naoto Ota
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Lexical Decision Task ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Transitive Verbs

Studies examining visual word recognition have revealed that sensorimotor information is associated with the meaning of and influences the processing of words. In this study, we collected ratings of relative embodiment, which reflects how much physical movement is involved in a word meaning, for 219 Japanese transitive verbs. We then investigated how the ratings affect visual word recognition, using three different tasks: a word-naming task, a lexical decision task, and a syntactic classification task. We found that reaction times were faster and correct rates were higher (in the lexical decision task) for words with higher relative embodiment ratings than for those with lower ratings. These findings indicate that relative embodiment affects processing of Japanese verbs as well as of English verbs.

Interaction in Spanish–English bilinguals’ acquisition of syllable structure

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany Keffala ◽  
Jessica A. Barlow ◽  
Sharon Rose
Keyword(s):  
Naming Task ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Phonological Acquisition ◽  
Language Differences ◽  
Phonological Structure ◽  
English Bilingual ◽  
Cross Language ◽  
Accuracy Rates ◽  
Language Influence

Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: This study investigated whether language-specific syllable type frequency and complexity exerted cross-language influence on Spanish–English bilingual children’s acquisition of syllable structure. Design/methodology/approach: We compared the accuracy of bilingual and monolingual children’s singleton coda and onset cluster productions from Spanish and English single words elicited via a picture-naming task. Task stimuli provided multiple opportunities to produce all possible singleton coda and onset cluster types in each language. Data and analysis: Ten typically developing Spanish–English bilingual children (ages: 2;01–4;08) completed the task in each language. Five Spanish and 12 English age-matched monolingual peers completed the same task in their respective languages. Data were analyzed using mixed effects logistic regression. Analyses compared bilinguals’ Spanish and English singleton coda and onset cluster production accuracy rates to those of monolinguals. Findings/conclusions: Our results indicate that interaction occurred in bilinguals’ syllable structure acquisition in both languages. Bilinguals’ acquisition of singleton codas was accelerated relative to monolinguals’ in Spanish. Furthermore, bilinguals’ acquisition of complex onsets was accelerated in both Spanish and English. Results did not suggest that bilinguals’ acquisition of English singleton codas was delayed. Originality: This is the first study to show that exposure to patterns of linguistic complexity specific to each language can accelerate bilinguals’ acquisition of phonological structure in both languages. Significance/implications: Our findings demonstrate that cross-language differences in complexity influence how interaction appears during bilinguals’ phonological acquisition, and suggest further investigation regarding the influence of frequency.

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