scholarly journals Detectability of inserted and deleted tones: effects of tone frequency, masker intensity, and observer training

1974 ◽  
Vol 56 (S1) ◽  
pp. S36-S36
Author(s):  
W. T. Bourbon ◽  
R. K. Conkright
Keyword(s):  
Tone Frequency ◽  
Observer Training

FFT-Based Moving Average Maximum Likelihood Single-tone Frequency Estimation

2011 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 831-835
Author(s):  
Yu-chun Huang ◽  
Zai-lu Huang ◽  
Ben-xiong Huang ◽  
Shu-hua Xu
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Frequency Estimation ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Tone Frequency ◽  
Single Tone ◽  
Average Maximum

scholarly journals Short-term Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Learning and Evoked Activity in Auditory Cortex

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesyin Lai ◽  
Stephen V. David
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Neural Coding ◽  
Vagus Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Tone Frequency

ABSTRACTChronic vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) can facilitate learning of sensory and motor behaviors. VNS is believed to trigger release of neuromodulators, including norepinephrine and acetylcholine, which can mediate cortical plasticity associated with learning. Most previous work has studied effects of VNS over many days, and less is known about how acute VNS influences neural coding and behavior over the shorter term. To explore this question, we measured effects of VNS on learning of an auditory discrimination over 1-2 days. Ferrets implanted with cuff electrodes on the vagus nerve were trained by classical conditioning on a tone frequency-reward association. One tone was associated with reward while another tone, was not. The frequencies and reward associations of the tones were changed every two days, requiring learning of a new relationship. When the tones (both rewarded and non-rewarded) were paired with VNS, rates of learning increased on the first day following a change in reward association. To examine VNS effects on auditory coding, we recorded single- and multi-unit neural activity in primary auditory cortex (A1) of passively listening animals following brief periods of VNS (20 trials/session) paired with tones. Because afferent VNS induces changes in pupil size associated with fluctuations in neuromodulation, we also measured pupil during recordings. After pairing VNS with a neuron’s best-frequency (BF) tone, responses in a subpopulation of neurons were reduced. Pairing with an off-BF tone or performing VNS during the inter-trial interval had no effect on responses. We separated the change in A1 activity into two components, one that could be predicted by fluctuations in pupil and one that persisted after VNS and was not accounted for by pupil. The BF-specific reduction in neural responses remained, even after regressing out changes that could be explained by pupil. In addition, the size of VNS-mediated changes in pupil predicted the magnitude of persistent changes in the neural response. This interaction suggests that changes in neuromodulation associated with arousal gate the long-term effects of VNS on neural activity. Taken together, these results support a role for VNS in auditory learning and help establish VNS as a tool to facilitate neural plasticity.

Patients With Multiple Sclerosis Experience Hearing Loss Specifically for Shifts of Tone Frequency

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 506-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Quine ◽  
D. Regan ◽  
K. I. Beverley ◽  
T. J. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Tone Frequency

scholarly journals Pairing Cholinergic Enhancement with Perceptual Training Promotes Recovery of Age-Related Changes in Rat Primary Auditory Cortex

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Voss ◽  
Maryse Thomas ◽  
You Chien Chou ◽  
José Miguel Cisneros-Franco ◽  
Lydia Ouellet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Primary Auditory Cortex ◽  
Auditory Training ◽  
Tone Frequency ◽  
Perceptual Training ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Old Rats

We used the rat primary auditory cortex (A1) as a model to probe the effects of cholinergic enhancement on perceptual learning and auditory processing mechanisms in both young and old animals. Rats learned to perform a two-tone frequency discrimination task over the course of two weeks, combined with either the administration of a cholinesterase inhibitor or saline. We found that while both age groups learned the task more quickly through cholinergic enhancement, the young did so by improving target detection, whereas the old did so by inhibiting erroneous responses to nontarget stimuli. We also found that cholinergic enhancement led to marked functional and structural changes within A1 in both young and old rats. Importantly, we found that several functional changes observed in the old rats, particularly those relating to the processing and inhibition of nontargets, produced cortical processing features that resembled those of young untrained rats more so than those of older adult rats. Overall, these findings demonstrate that combining auditory training with neuromodulation of the cholinergic system can restore many of the auditory cortical functional deficits observed as a result of normal aging and add to the growing body of evidence demonstrating that many age-related perceptual and neuroplastic changes are reversible.

Perceptual Learning Is Specific to the Trained Structure of Information

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2047-2060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yamit Cohen ◽  
Luba Daikhin ◽  
Merav Ahissar
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Frequency Discrimination ◽  
Perceptual Task ◽  
Hierarchy Theory ◽  
Tone Frequency ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group A ◽  
Fixed Reference ◽  
Key Questions

What do we learn when we practice a simple perceptual task? Many studies have suggested that we learn to refine or better select the sensory representations of the task-relevant dimension. Here we show that learning is specific to the trained structural regularities. Specifically, when this structure is modified after training with a fixed temporal structure, performance regresses to pretraining levels, even when the trained stimuli and task are retained. This specificity raises key questions as to the importance of low-level sensory modifications in the learning process. We trained two groups of participants on a two-tone frequency discrimination task for several days. In one group, a fixed reference tone was consistently presented in the first interval (the second tone was higher or lower), and in the other group the same reference tone was consistently presented in the second interval. When following training, these temporal protocols were switched between groups, performance of both groups regressed to pretraining levels, and further training was needed to attain postlearning performance. ERP measures, taken before and after training, indicated that participants implicitly learned the temporal regularity of the protocol and formed an attentional template that matched the trained structure of information. These results are consistent with Reverse Hierarchy Theory, which posits that even the learning of simple perceptual tasks progresses in a top–down manner, hence can benefit from temporal regularities at the trial level, albeit at the potential cost that learning may be specific to these regularities.

Masking of Auditory Responses in the Medulla Oblongata of Goldfish

1973 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-424
Author(s):  
PER S. ENGER
Keyword(s):  
White Noise ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Nervous Activity ◽  
Band Width ◽  
Masking Effect ◽  
Noise Band ◽  
Octave Band ◽  
Tone Frequency ◽  
Centre Frequency ◽  
Pure Tones

1. The nervous activity of single auditory neurones in goldfish brain have been measured. 2. Four types of acoustic stimuli were used, (1) pure tones, (2) noise of one-third octave band width, (3) noise of one-octave band width with centre frequency equal to the pure tone, and (4) white noise. 3. Except for white noise, these stimuli produced the same response to equal sound pressures. The white noise response was less, presumably because the frequency range covered by a single neurone is far narrower than the range of white noise. 4. The conclusion has been reached that for low-frequency acoustic signals, the acoustic power over a frequency band of one to two octaves is integrated by the nervous system. 5. The masking effect of background noise on the acoustic threshold of single units to pure tones is strongest when the noise band has the same centre frequency as the test tone. In this case the tone threshold increases linearly with the background noise level. 6. When the noise band was centred at a different frequency from the tone, the masking effect decreased at a rate of 20-22 dB/octave for the first one-third octave for a tone frequency of 250 Hz. For a tone of 500 Hz the masking effect of lower frequencies was stronger and was reduced by only some 9 dB/octave for the first one-third octave.

Disruption of Balanced Cortical Excitation and Inhibition by Acoustic Trauma

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 646-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Scholl ◽  
Michael Wehr
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Acoustic Trauma ◽  
Tone Frequency ◽  
Synaptic Excitation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Level ◽  
Whole Cell Recordings

Sensory deafferentation results in rapid shifts in the receptive fields of cortical neurons, but the synaptic mechanisms underlying these changes remain unknown. The rapidity of these shifts has led to the suggestion that subthreshold inputs may be unmasked by a selective loss of inhibition. To study this, we used in vivo whole cell recordings to directly measure tone-evoked excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs in auditory cortical neurons before and after acoustic trauma. Here we report that acute acoustic trauma disrupted the balance of excitation and inhibition by selectively increasing and reducing the strength of inhibition at different positions within the receptive field. Inhibition was abolished for frequencies far below the trauma-tone frequency but was markedly enhanced near the edges of the region of elevated peripheral threshold. These changes occurred for relatively high-level tones. These changes in inhibition led to an expansion of receptive fields but not by a simple unmasking process. Rather, membrane potential responses were delayed and prolonged throughout the receptive field by distinct interactions between synaptic excitation and inhibition. Far below the trauma-tone frequency, decreased inhibition combined with prolonged excitation led to increased responses. Near the edges of the region of elevated peripheral threshold, increased inhibition served to delay rather than abolish responses, which were driven by prolonged excitation. These results show that the rapid receptive field shifts caused by acoustic trauma are caused by distinct mechanisms at different positions within the receptive field, which depend on differential disruption of excitation and inhibition.

scholarly journals Multidimensional Single-Tone Frequency Estimation Based on QR Decomposition

IEEE Access ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 68153-68159
Author(s):  
Hui Cao ◽  
Long-Ting Huang ◽  
Yuntao Wu ◽  
Qi Liu
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Estimation ◽  
Qr Decomposition ◽  
Tone Frequency ◽  
Single Tone
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