Stable oscillating orbits of a charged particle moving parallel to a current

In the present work we reanalyzed the fields of magnetic materials on the instance of absence of magnetic monopoles. First we reanalyzed the field of a current carrying conductor which determines its true face as an electric field which is parallel to the wire having zero divergence and non-zero curl. The force exerted on a charged particle by this field has unique direction and does not depend on the direction of the motion of the particle. The non-zero curl of the field causes the force to be asymmetric in nature because of which a charged particle, placed in it, never moves along a straight path and follows a curved path. The study explores a basic difference between the real force and the supposed magnetic force in the fields of magnetic materials suggesting that there is no magnetic field which we have been considering. The real force in fields of all magnetic materials is electric and exerts in terms of field-field interaction. Experimental evidences for the same are reported. The interaction between poles of bar magnets, the induction of emf and Lenz’s law are explained on the basis of curled electric fields.

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Neutrons magnetic Mass

10.21203/rs.3.rs-971432/v7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

manfred geilhaupt

Keyword(s):

Elementary Particle ◽

Charged Particle ◽

Beta Decay ◽

Magnetic Moment ◽

Quantum Physics ◽

Orbital Motion ◽

Decay Process ◽

Electron Neutrino ◽

Magnetic Mass ◽

A Current

Abstract In Quantum Physics, the Spin of an elementary particle is defined to be an intrinsic,inherent property. The same to the magnetic moment (μ) due to the spin of chargedparticles - like Electron (me) and Proton (mp). So the intrinsic spin (S=1/2h-bar) of theelectron entails a magnetic moment because of charge (e). However, a magnetic momentof a charged particle can also be generated by a circular motion (due to spin) of anelectric charge (e), forming a current. Hence the orbital motion (of charge around a massnucleus)generates a magnetic moment by Ampère’s law. This concept must lead to analternative way calculating the neutrino mass (mν) while looking at the beta decay of aneutron into fragments: proton, electron, neutrino and corresponding kinetic energies. Thechange of neutrons magnetic moment (μn) during the decay process is a fact based onenergy and spin and charge conservation, so should allow to calculate the restmass ofthe charge-less neutrino due to a significant change of: μe= -9.2847647043(28)E-24J/Tdown to μev= -9.2847592533(28)E-24J/T (while assuming mv=0.30eV to be absorbed and if(g-2)/2 from QED remains constant). As always the last word has the experiment.

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Neutron's basic Mass

10.21203/rs.3.rs-971432/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

manfred geilhaupt

Keyword(s):

Elementary Particle ◽

Charged Particle ◽

Magnetic Moment ◽

Quantum Physics ◽

Orbital Motion ◽

Magnetic Moments ◽

Charged Particles ◽

Electron Neutrino ◽

A Current ◽

Mass Nucleus

Abstract In Quantum Physics the Spin of an elementary particle is defined to be an „intrinsic, inherent“ property. The same to the magnetic moment (μ) due to the spin of charged particles - like Electron (me) and Muon (mu). So the intrinsic spin (S) of the electron entails a magnetic moment. However, a magnetic moment of a charged particle can also be generated by a circular motion of an electric charge (e), forming a current. Hence the „orbital motion of charge“ around a „mass-nucleus“ generates a magnetic moment by Ampère’s law. This concept leads to an alternative way calculating the neutrino mass (mν) while discussing the beta decay of a neutron into fragments: proton, electron, neutrino and kinetic energy - now based on the change of magnetic moments during the process. This alternative calculation gives mν = 0.10(20)eV.

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Resolving Crystallites in Zirconium Oxide Films

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100062610 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

pp. 140-141

Author(s):

R.A. Ploc

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Inelastic Scattering ◽

Zirconium Oxide ◽

Oxide Films ◽

Optic Axis ◽

Objective Lens ◽

Microscope Objective ◽

Linear Optic ◽

A Current ◽

Microscope Objective Lens

The optic axis of an electron microscope objective lens is usually assumed to be straight and co-linear with the mechanical center. No reason exists to assume such perfection and, indeed, simple reasoning suggests that it is a complicated curve. A current centered objective lens with a non-linear optic axis when used in conjunction with other lenses, leads to serious image errors if the nature of the specimen is such as to produce intense inelastic scattering.

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Structure of Palladium Single-Crystal Films Prepared by Flash Evaporation onto (001) NaCl Substrates

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100069272 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 456-457

Author(s):

L. E. Murr ◽

G. Wong

Keyword(s):

Single Crystal ◽

High Vacuum ◽

Ultra High Vacuum ◽

High Rate ◽

Flash Evaporation ◽

Optimum Load ◽

Single Crystal Films ◽

Crystal Films ◽

A Current

Palladium single-crystal films have been prepared by Matthews in ultra-high vacuum by evaporation onto (001) NaCl substrates cleaved in-situ, and maintained at ∼ 350° C. Murr has also produced large-grained and single-crystal Pd films by high-rate evaporation onto (001) NaCl air-cleaved substrates at 350°C. In the present work, very large (∼ 3cm2), continuous single-crystal films of Pd have been prepared by flash evaporation onto air-cleaved (001) NaCl substrates at temperatures at or below 250°C. Evaporation rates estimated to be ≧ 2000 Å/sec, were obtained by effectively short-circuiting 1 mil tungsten evaporation boats in a self-regulating system which maintained an optimum load current of approximately 90 amperes; corresponding to a current density through the boat of ∼ 4 × 104 amperes/cm2.

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Novel magneto-optical recording materials: Bi-substituted garnet films

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100088191 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 776-777

Author(s):

Takao Suzuki ◽

Hossein Nuri

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Amorphous Film ◽

Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽

Optical Recording ◽

Garnet Film ◽

Media Noise ◽

Garnet Films ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

A New Technique ◽

A Current

For future high density magneto-optical recording materials, a Bi-substituted garnet film ((BiDy)3(FeGa)5O12) is an attractive candidate since it has strong magneto-optic effect at short wavelengths less than 600 nm. The signal in read back performance at 500 nm using a garnet film can be an order of magnitude higher than a current rare earth-transition metal amorphous film. However, the granularity and surface roughness of such crystalline garnet films are the key to control for minimizing media noise.We have demonstrated a new technique to fabricate a garnet film which has much smaller grain size and smoother surfaces than those annealed in a conventional oven. This method employs a high ramp-up rate annealing (Γ = 50 ~ 100 C/s) in nitrogen atmosphere. Fig.1 shows a typical microstruture of a Bi-susbtituted garnet film deposited by r.f. sputtering and then subsequently crystallized by a rapid thermal annealing technique at Γ = 50 C/s at 650 °C for 2 min. The structure is a single phase of garnet, and a grain size is about 300A.

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Facet Topography and Dislocation Structure as a Possible Source for Electrical Heterogeneity in [001] TILT Bicrystals of YBa2Cu3O7-δ

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100164155 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 338-339

Author(s):

I-Fei Tsu ◽

D.L. Kaiser ◽

S.E. Babcock

Keyword(s):

Grain Boundary ◽

Critical Current Density ◽

Critical Current ◽

Current Density ◽

Electromagnetic Properties ◽

Length Scale ◽

Density Values ◽

Current Densities ◽

Applied Fields ◽

A Current

A current theme in the study of the critical current density behavior of YBa2Cu3O7-δ (YBCO) grain boundaries is that their electromagnetic properties are heterogeneous on various length scales ranging from 10s of microns to ˜ 1 Å. Recently, combined electromagnetic and TEM studies on four flux-grown bicrystals have demonstrated a direct correlation between the length scale of the boundaries’ saw-tooth facet configurations and the apparent length scale of the electrical heterogeneity. In that work, enhanced critical current densities are observed at applied fields where the facet period is commensurate with the spacing of the Abrikosov flux vortices which must be pinned if higher critical current density values are recorded. To understand the microstructural origin of the flux pinning, the grain boundary topography and grain boundary dislocation (GBD) network structure of [001] tilt YBCO bicrystals were studied by TEM and HRTEM.

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Rem Study of Current Effect on the Structure of Clean Si(111) Surface

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100180288 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 306-307

Author(s):

A. Yamanaka ◽

H. Ohse ◽

K. Yagi

Keyword(s):

The Other ◽

Current Direction ◽

Clean Surface ◽

Current Effect ◽

Atomic Steps ◽

Step Bunching ◽

Terrace Width ◽

Step Down ◽

A Current

Recently current effects on clean and metal adsorbate surfaces have attracted much attention not only because of interesting phenomena but also because of practically importance in treatingclean and metal adsorbate surfaces [1-6]. In the former case, metals deposited migrate on the deposit depending on the current direction and a patch of the deposit expands on the clean surface [1]. The migration is closely related to the adsorbate structures and substrate structures including their anisotropy [2,7]. In the latter case, configurations of surface atomic steps depends on the current direction. In the case of Si(001) surface equally spaced array of monatom high steps along the [110] direction produces the 2x1 and 1x2 terraces. However, a relative terrace width of the two domain depends on the current direction; a step-up current widen terraces on which dimers are parallel to the current, while a step-down current widen the other terraces [3]. On (111) surface, a step-down current produces step bunching at temperatures between 1250-1350°C, while a step-up current produces step bunching at temperatures between 1050-1250°C [5].In the present paper, our REM observations on a current induced step bunching, started independently, are described.Our results are summarized as follows.(1) Above around 1000°C a step-up current induces step bunching. The phenomenon reverses around 1200 C; a step-down current induces step bunching. The observations agree with the previous reports [5].

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