We measured chest wall "pathway impedances" (ratios of pressure changes to rates of volume displacement at the surface) with esophageal and gastric balloons and inductance plethysmographic belts around the rib cage and abdomen during forced volume oscillations (5% vital capacity, 0.5–4 Hz) at the mouth of five relaxed, seated subjects. Volume displacements of the total chest wall surface, measured by summing the rib cage and abdominal signals, approximated measurements using volume-displacement, body plethysmography over the entire frequency range. Resistance (R) and elastance (E) of the diaphragm-abdomen pathway were several times greater than those of the rib cage pathway, except at the highest frequencies where diaphragm-abdominal E was small. R and E of the diaphragm-abdomen pathway and of the rib cage pathway showed the same frequency dependencies as that of the total chest wall: R decreased markedly as frequency increased, and E (especially in the diaphragm-abdomen) decreased at the highest frequencies. These results suggest that the chest wall can be reasonably modeled, over the frequency range studied, as a system with two major pathways for displacement. Each pathway seems to exhibit behavior that reflects nonlinear, rate-independent dissipation as well as viscoelastic properties. Impedances of these pathways are useful indexes of changes in chest wall mechanical behavior in different situations.
Lung surface deformation prediction from spirometry measurement and chest wall surface motion