scholarly journals Preparation for a terrorism-related radiation event should be no different from that for a biological or chemical event

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-285
Author(s):  
Dean W. Broga ◽  
Richard J. Vetter ◽  
Colin G. Orton
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Event

The Gas Phase Radiolysis of Ethyl Chloride

1963 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph N. Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Vinyl Chloride ◽  
Rate Constant ◽  
Ethyl Chloride ◽  
Molecular Processes ◽  
Primary Reactions ◽  
Elimination Reactions ◽  
Chemical Event

SummaryEthyl chloride has been bombarded with 2.8 MeV electrons in the gas phase. The main radicals produced in the primary chemical event are monochloroethyl and ethyl with the corresponding fragments. Their major reactions during radiolysis include:CI· + CC2CC2CThe rate constant <xxx>has been determined to be 1.92 ̅± 0.2.Disproportionation reactions of chloroethyl radicals were found negligible. In addition, ethylene, acetylene, vinyl chloride, and hydrogen, in part, are formed by molecular elimination reactions. The molecular processes account for roughly half of all primary reactions observed.

scholarly journals Canadian emergency department preparedness for a nuclear, biological or chemical event

CJEM ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (01) ◽  
pp. 18-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kollek
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Departments ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Mass Casualty ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
September 11Th ◽  
Chemical Contaminants ◽  
Terror Attacks ◽  
Mass Casualty Event ◽  
Chemical Event ◽  
Antidotal Therapy

ABSTRACTSince the terror attacks of September 11th, emergency departments across North America have become more aware of the need to be prepared to deal with a mass casualty terror event, particularly one involving nuclear, biological or chemical contaminants. The effects of such an attack could also be mimicked by accidental release of toxic chemicals, radioactive substances or biological agents unrelated to terrorist activity.The purpose of this study was to review the risks and characteristics of these events and to assess the preparedness of Canadian emergency departments to respond. This was done by means of a survey, which showed a significant risk of a mass casualty event (most likely chemical) coupled with a deficiency in preparedness — most notably in the availability of appropriate equipment, antidotal therapy and decontamination capability. There were also significant deficiencies in the ability to respond to a major biologic or nuclear event.

scholarly journals Developing a worksheet about physical and chemical event

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 739-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeynep Bak Kibar ◽  
Alipaşa Ayas
Keyword(s):  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Chemical Event

Risk communication needs in a chemical event

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Janice S. Lee, PhD, MHS ◽  
Sharon L. Lee, PhD ◽  
Scott A. Damon, MAIA, CPH ◽  
Robert Geller, MD ◽  
Erik R. Janus, MS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Communication ◽  
Core Competencies ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Chemical Terrorism ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Public Health Officials ◽  
State And Local ◽  
Communication Needs ◽  
Chemical Event

In an effort to define the role of state and local health agencies in a chemical terrorism event and to share knowledge, materials, and resources, representatives from state, local, and federal agencies formed the Interstate Chemical Terrorism (ICT) workgroup in 2002.Working with the ICT workgroup, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) funded a workshop effort to address the basic elements of risk communication (RC) needs in a chemical event. The primary goal of the workshop was to develop templates for chemical fact sheets destined for the general public and press, medical providers, public health officials, first responders, and impacted workers, as well as a list of core competencies and benchmarks. We summarize workshop discussion and outcomes.

ISOTOPE EFFECT IN SURFACE PHOTOCHEMICAL PROCESSES: EXPERIMENT AND THEORY

1992 ◽  
Vol 06 (30) ◽  
pp. 1893-1910 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.-Y. ZHU
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Effect ◽  
Excited Molecule ◽  
Mass Effect ◽  
Photochemical Process ◽  
Quenching Process ◽  
Electronically Excited ◽  
Recent Variation ◽  
Mass Dependent ◽  
Chemical Event ◽  
Insight Into

A photochemical process in the adsorbate state has an inherent isotope or mass effect. This is because the presence of a solid surface introduces efficient relaxation channels for the electronically excited molecule. Competition between the chemical event and the quenching process is mass-dependent. Depending on the details of the dynamic energy transfer process, the isotope effect in a surface photochemical event can depend on either the mass or the internal reduced mass of the desorbing/dissociating particle. Measurements of isotope effect in UV surface photochemistry have provided insight into two mechanistic models, i.e., the classic Menzel-Gomer-Redhead (MGR) model and its recent variation, the vibration-mediated UV photodesorption (VMPD) model.

scholarly journals Elucidation of a Complete Kinetic Mechanism for a Mammalian Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (HSD) and Identification of All Enzyme Forms on the Reaction Coordinate

2007 ◽  
Vol 282 (46) ◽  
pp. 33484-33493 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Cooper ◽  
Yi Jin ◽  
Trevor M. Penning
Keyword(s):  
Conformational Changes ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
Transient State ◽  
Kinetic Mechanism ◽  
Energy Diagram ◽  
Single Turnover ◽  
Kinetic Isotope ◽  
Free Energy Diagram ◽  
Burst Kinetics ◽  
Chemical Event

Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) are essential for the biosynthesis and mechanism of action of all steroid hormones. We report the complete kinetic mechanism of a mammalian HSD using rat 3α-HSD of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily (AKR1C9) with the substrate pairs androstane-3,17-dione and NADPH (reduction) and androsterone and NADP+ (oxidation). Steady-state, transient state kinetics, and kinetic isotope effects reconciled the ordered bi-bi mechanism, which contained 9 enzyme forms and permitted the estimation of 16 kinetic constants. In both reactions, loose association of the NADP(H) was followed by two conformational changes, which increased cofactor affinity by >86-fold. For androstane-3,17-dione reduction, the release of NADP+ controlled kcat, whereas the chemical event also contributed to this term. kcat was insensitive to [2H]NADPH, whereas Dkcat/Km and the Dklim (ratio of the maximum rates of single turnover) were 1.06 and 2.06, respectively. Under multiple turnover conditions partial burst kinetics were observed. For androsterone oxidation, the rate of NADPH release dominated kcat, whereas the rates of the chemical event and the release of androstane-3,17-dione were 50-fold greater. Under multiple turnover conditions full burst kinetics were observed. Although the internal equilibrium constant favored oxidation, the overall Keq favored reduction. The kinetic Haldane and free energy diagram confirmed that Keq was governed by ligand binding terms that favored the reduction reactants. Thus, HSDs in the aldo-keto reductase superfamily thermodynamically favor ketosteroid reduction.

scholarly journals Novel Analysis and Visualization of Chemical Events for Public Health Surveillance

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Henry ◽  
Lauren Charles-Smith ◽  
Kyungsik Han ◽  
Courtney D. Corley
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Northwest National Laboratory ◽  
Application Development ◽  
App Development ◽  
Web App ◽  
Chemical Events ◽  
Chemical Event

ObjectivePacific Northwest National Laboratory hosted an intern-basedweb application development contest in the summer of 2016 centeredaround developing novel chemical surveillance applications to aid inhealth situational awareness. Making up the three teams were threegraduate students (n=9) from various US schools majoring in non-public health domains, such as computer sicence and user design. Theinterns suc- cessfully developed three applications that demonstrateda value-add to chemical surveillance—ChemAnalyzer (textanalytics), RetroSpect (retrospective analysis of chemical events),and ToxicBusters (geo-based trend analytics). These applicationswill be the basis for the first chemical surveillance application to beincorporated into the DTRA Biosurveillance Ecosystem (BSVE).IntroductionPacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), on behalf theDefense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA; project number CB10190),hosts an annual intern- based web app development contest. Previouscompetitions have focused on mobile biosurveillance applications.The 2016 competition pivoted away from biosurveillance to focus onaddressing challenges within the field of chemical surveillance andincreasing public health chemical situational awareness. The result ofthe app will be integrated within the DTRA BSVE.MethodsPNNL hosted nine graduate interns for a 10-week period inthe summer of 2016 as participants in a summer web applicationdevelopment contest. Students were drawn from such fields assoftware engineering and user experience and design and placedinto three teams of three students. The challenge presented to theinterns was to design and develop a fully-functional web applicationthat would address a critical need within the chemical surveillancecommunity. The interns developed their own ideas (vetted by PNNLand DTRA), discovered and inte- grated their own data sources,and produced their own visualizations and an- alytics, independentof any assistence outside of that provided in an advisory capacity.The competition end with a judging event with a panel of subjectmatter experts and cash awards were distributed to the teams.ResultsEach team produced a unique application. Although there wasmild overlap between some of the ideas, the applications weredeveloped independently and each reflected the unique contributionsof the teams. ChemAnalyzer is a text-analytics platform designedto facilitate more data- driven decision, given a corpus of text dataabout a chemical event. Their plat- form provided the ability toautomatically identify and highlight key words in documents relatedto chemical events. The keywords are drawn from an on- tologyinstalled with the system, as well as any user-identified keywords.The ChemAnalyzer team finished in third place. The RetroSpect teamdeveloped a visual analytic tool for performing retrospec- tive analysisand monitoring of chemical events. Their app provided the ability tosearch and analyze past events, as well as visualization of state andcounty information for the recorded chemical events. The RetroSpectteam finished in second place. The Toxicbusters team—the winnersof the competition—created a geo-based situational awareness toolfor tracking chemical events. Their app featured an updateable mapoverlay, search functionality for finding specific or related events,incident and city/state/national-level statistics and trends, as wellas news and social media integration based on keywords related tochemical surveillance.ConclusionsEach of the apps developed by the teams provides value to ananalyst tasked with monitoring chemical events. The apps integratedunique data sources to provides a full picture of a chemical event, andits effects upon the surrounding population. This integrated analyticsprovides a valuable benefit over existing workflows, where analystsmust monitor news, social, and other information sources manuallyfor real-time information. The apps developed by these interns aredesigned to enable identification and analysis of the incident asquickly as possible, allowing for more timely assessments of theincident and its impacts. The web app development contest provideda unique opportunity for students to learn about the emergingneeds in chemical surveillance as it relates to health sit- uationalawareness. Students were drawn from a variety of fields and weretasked with developing novel web apps addressing some of the mostpressing challenges in the field of chemical surveillance. The ideasgenerated by the students will help form the basis for future chemicalsurveillance application development to be integrated with the DTRABSVE.

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