The assessment of the impact of mask pattern shape variation on the OPC-modeling by using SEM-contours from wafer and mask

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Hibino ◽  
Hiroyuki Shindo ◽  
Yutaka Hojyo ◽  
Thuy Do ◽  
Aasutosh Dave ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mask Pattern ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Pattern Shape ◽  
The Impact

The assessment of the impact of mask pattern shape variation on the OPC-modeling by using SEM-Contours from wafer and mask

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Hibino ◽  
Yutaka Hojyo ◽  
Hiroyuki Shindo ◽  
Thuy Do ◽  
Aasutosh Dave ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mask Pattern ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Pattern Shape ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals The impact of allometry on vomer shape and its implications for the taxonomy and cranial kinesis of crown-group birds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia Plateau ◽  
Christian Foth
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Temporal Region ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Cranial Kinesis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shape Data

AbstractCrown birds are subdivided into two main groups, Palaeognathae and Neognathae, that can be distinguished, among others, by the organization of the bones in their pterygoid-palatine complex (PPC). Shape variation to the vomer, which is the most anterior part of the PPC, was recently analysed by Hu et al. (2019) with help of geometric morphometrics to discover morphological differences between palaeognath and neognath birds. Based on this study, the vomer was identified as sufficient to distinguish the two main groups (and even more inclusive neognath groups) and their cranial kinetic system. As there are notable size differences between the skulls of palaeognaths and neognaths, we here investigate the impact of allometry on vomeral shape and its implication for taxonomic classification by re-analysing the data of the previous study. Different types of multivariate statistical analyses reveal that taxonomic identification based on vomeral shape is strongly impaired by allometry, as the error of correct identification is high when shape data is corrected for size. This finding is evident by a great overlap between palaeognath and neognath subclades in morphospace. The correct identification is further influenced by the convergent presence of a flattened vomeral morphotype in multiple neognath subclades. As the evolution of cranial kinesis has been linked to vomeral shape in the original study, the existing correlation between shape and size of the vomer across different bird groups found in the present study questions this conclusion. In fact, cranial kinesis in crown birds results from the loss of the jugal-postorbital bar in the temporal region and ectopterygoid in the PPC and the combination of a mobilized quadrate-zygomatic arch complex and a flexible PPC. Therefore, we can conclude that the vomer itself is not a suitable proxy for exploring the evolution of cranial kinesis in crown birds and their ancestors.

Detection and comparison of breast shape variation among different three-dimensional body scan conditions: nude, with a structured bra, and with a soft bra

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (21-22) ◽  
pp. 4595-4606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Pei ◽  
Jintu Fan ◽  
Susan P Ashdown
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Breast Tissue ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Breast Asymmetry ◽  
Spider Web ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Breast Shape ◽  
3D Scans ◽  
The Impact

To investigate the effect of structured bras and soft bras on breast shape, 46 female participants (Caucasian, BMI < 30, aged 18–45) were recruited for three-dimensional (3D) scanning. Participants were scanned in three conditions: wearing a provided structured bra, a provided soft bra, and nude. The impact of the bras on breast asymmetry was quantitatively studied. The change in breast shape and position from the nude condition to the condition when shaped by the bras was also explored. Contour maps that show the topographic shapes of the scans were generated to analyze these comparisons. Thirty-five measurements were extracted from spider web structures that were derived from the contour maps, and were used for statistical analysis. Eight measurements were found to be especially indicative of the shape variations introduced by the bras. Regression models were built to predict the in-bra shape given only the nude breast shape. Lastly, heat maps that visualize the shape variations from the nude-to-bra condition via colors were plotted on the surfaces of the 3D scans of the participants in bras, and were used for qualitative analysis. This study is helpful in understanding how bras interact with breast tissue, and can provide useful information for the improvement of bra designs for enhanced fitting or desired shaping effects.

A Fast Method for Analyzing the Effect of Mask Error on Photolithography Pattern Quality

2011 ◽  
Vol 291-294 ◽  
pp. 3097-3102
Author(s):  
Mu Jun Li ◽  
Hui Chun Ye ◽  
Lian Guan Shen
Keyword(s):  
Wave Front ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Fast Method ◽  
Mask Pattern ◽  
Lithography Simulation ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Effective Wave ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Corner Error

As an important factor the error of mask pattern is often ignored in the lithography simulation model. To investigate the impact of mask errors on the lithographic pattern, effects of how the wave-front on different mask pattern region affects the field points in resist is first introduced, and based on this analysis a method is proposed to quickly judge the affection of round corner error of mask pattern on the photo-resist pattern. By comparing the actual effect area and the effective wave-front area around the corner on mask pattern, the method can illustrate the quantitative relationship between variation in photo-resist pattern and the related mask error. Finally the simulation results are verified by experiments. The study results may contribute to the fast and accurate judgments of error in the lithography, and provide important theoretical basis for lithography error correction.

scholarly journals Disentangling biological variability and taphonomy: shape analysis of the limb long bones of the sauropodomorph dinosaur Plateosaurus

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9359
Author(s):  
Rémi Lefebvre ◽  
Ronan Allain ◽  
Alexandra Houssaye ◽  
Raphaël Cornette
Keyword(s):  
Geometric Morphometrics ◽  
Shape Analysis ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Biological Variability ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Genus Level ◽  
Taxonomic History ◽  
Quantitative Basis ◽  
The Impact

Sauropodomorph dinosaurs constitute a well-studied clade of dinosaurs, notably because of the acquisition of gigantism within this group. The genus Plateosaurus is one of the best-known sauropodomorphs, with numerous remains from various localities. Its tumultuous taxonomic history suggests the relevance of addressing its intrageneric shape variability, mixed with taphonomic modifications of the original bone shape. Here we investigate quantitatively the morphological variation of Plateosaurus occurring at the genus level by studying the shape variation of a sample of limb long bones. By means of 3D geometric morphometrics, the analysis of the uncorrelated variation permits separation of the variation estimated as obviously taphonomically influenced from the more biologically plausible variation. Beyond the dominant taphonomic signal, our approach permits interpretation of the most biologically plausible features, even on anatomical parts influenced by taphonomic deformations. Those features are thus found on a quantitative basis from the variation of samples containing fossil specimens, by taking the impact of taphonomy into account, which is paramount in order to avoid making biologically ambiguous interpretations.

scholarly journals Impact of climate and hydrochemistry on shape variation – a case study on Neotropical cytheroidean Ostracoda

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Wrozyna ◽  
Thomas A. Neubauer ◽  
Juliane Meyer ◽  
Maria Ines F. Ramos ◽  
Werner E. Piller
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Valve Morphology ◽  
Temperature Seasonality ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. How environmental change affects a species’ phenotype is crucial not only for taxonomy and biodiversity assessments but also for their application as (paleo-)ecological indicators. Previous investigations addressing the impact of climate and hydrochemical regime on ostracod valve morphology have yielded quite contrasting results. Frequently identified ecological factors influencing carapace shape are salinity, cation and sulphate concentrations and alkalinity. Here, we present a thorough approach integrating data from carapace outline and surface details of the ubiquitous Neotropical cytheroidean ostracod species Cytheridella ilosvayi, as well as several climatic and hydrochemical variables, in order to investigate a potential link between morphology and environmental conditions. A previous study lately demonstrated considerable biogeographical variation in valve morphology among Floridian, Mexican and Brazilian populations of this species. We hypothesize that the climatic differences between the regions it inhabits and associated differences in hydrochemical regimes have influenced valve morphology and eventually led to biogeographically distinctive groups. Generalized least-squares Procrustes Analyses based on outline and structural features were applied to left and right valves of adult females and males. The analyses identified relative carapace length and shape symmetry as most important morphological characteristics representing shape change across all datasets. Two-block partial least-squares analyses and multiple regressions indicate strong relationships between morphological and environmental variables, specifically with temperature seasonality, annual precipitation and chloride and sulphate concentrations. We hypothesize that increased temperature seasonality slowed down growth rates during colder months, potentially triggering the development of shortened valves with well-developed brood pouches. Differences in chloride and sulphate concentrations, related to fluctuations in precipitation, are considered to affect valve development via controlling osmoregulation and carapace calcification. These factors represent hitherto unknown drivers for ostracod ecophenotypy and emphasise that environmental predictors for morphological variability are not consistent across non-marine ostracods.

Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Thermal Effectiveness in Multiperforated Plates for Combustor Liner Effusion Cooling

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Andreini ◽  
Bruno Facchini ◽  
Alessio Picchi ◽  
Lorenzo Tarchi ◽  
Fabio Turrini
Keyword(s):  
Film Cooling ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Fluid Dynamic ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Heat Removal ◽  
Correlative Analysis ◽  
Pattern Shape ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Combustor Liner ◽  
Overall Effectiveness

State-of-the-art liner cooling technology for modern combustors is represented by effusion cooling (or full-coverage film cooling). Effusion is a very efficient cooling strategy based on the use of multiperforated liners, where the metal temperature is lowered by the combined protective effect of the coolant film and heat removal through forced convection inside each hole. The aim of this experimental campaign is the evaluation of the thermal performance of multiperforated liners with geometrical and fluid-dynamic parameters ranging among typical combustor engine values. Results were obtained as the adiabatic film effectiveness following the mass transfer analogy by the use of pressure sensitive paint, while the local values of the overall effectiveness were obtained by eight thermocouples housed in as many dead holes about 2 mm below the investigated surface. Concerning the tested geometries, different porosity levels were considered: such values were obtained by both increasing the hole diameter and pattern spacing. Then the effect of the hole inclination and aspect ratio pattern shape were tested to assess the impact of typical cooling system features. Seven multiperforated planar plates, reproducing the effusion arrays of real combustor liners, were tested, imposing six blowing ratios in the range 0.5–5. Additional experiments were performed in order to explore the effect of the density ratio (DR=1;1.5) on the film effectiveness. Test samples were made of stainless steel (AISI304) in order to achieve the Biot number similitude for the overall effectiveness tests. To extend the validity of the survey a correlative analysis was performed to point out, in an indirect way, the augmentation of the hot side heat transfer coefficient due to effusion jets. Finallyv,in order to address the thermal behavior of the different geometries in the presence of gas side radiation, additional simulations were performed considering different levels of radiative heat flux.

Contribution of mitral annular excursion and shape dynamics to total left ventricular volume change

2004 ◽  
Vol 287 (4) ◽  
pp. H1836-H1841 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Carlhäll ◽  
L. Wigström ◽  
E. Heiberg ◽  
M. Karlsson ◽  
A. F. Bolger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Volume Change ◽  
Mitral Annulus ◽  
Ventricular Volume ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Lv Function ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Endocardial Border ◽  
Lv Volume ◽  
The Impact

The mitral annulus (MA) has a complex shape and motion, and its excursion has been correlated to left ventricular (LV) function. During the cardiac cycle the annulus’ excursion encompasses a volume that is part of the total LV volume change during both filling and emptying. Our objective was to evaluate the contribution of MA excursion and shape variation to total LV volume change. Nine healthy subjects aged 56 ± 11 (means ± SD) years underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The MA was outlined in all time frames, and a four-dimensional (4-D) Fourier series was fitted to the MA coordinates (3-D+time) and divided into segments. The annular excursion volume (AEV) was calculated based on the temporally integrated product of the segments’ area and their incremental excursion. The 3-D LV volumes were calculated by tracing the endocardial border in six coaxial planes. The AEV (10 ± 2 ml) represented 19 ± 3% of the total LV stroke volume (52 ± 12 ml). The AEV correlated strongly with LV stroke volume ( r = 0.73; P < 0.05). Peak MA area occurred during middiastole, and 91 ± 7% of reduction in area from peak to minimum occurred before the onset of LV systole. The excursion of the MA accounts for an important portion of the total LV filling and emptying in humans. These data suggest an atriogenic influence on MA physiology and also a sphincter-like action of the MA that may facilitate ventricular filling and aid competent valve closure. This 4-D TEE method is the first to allow noninvasive measurement of AEV and may be used to investigate the impact of physiological and pathological conditions on this important aspect of LV performance.

scholarly journals Significance of climate and hydrochemistry on shape variation – a case study on Neotropical cytheroidean Ostracoda

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (17) ◽  
pp. 5489-5502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Wrozyna ◽  
Thomas A. Neubauer ◽  
Juliane Meyer ◽  
Maria Ines F. Ramos ◽  
Werner E. Piller
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Ecological Indicator ◽  
Shape Variation ◽  
Valve Morphology ◽  
Temperature Seasonality ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. How environmental change affects a species' phenotype is crucial not only for taxonomy and biodiversity assessments but also for its application as a palaeo-ecological and ecological indicator. Previous investigations addressing the impact of the climate and hydrochemical regime on ostracod valve morphology have yielded contrasting results. Frequently identified ecological factors influencing carapace shape are salinity, cation, sulfate concentrations, and alkalinity. Here, we present a thorough approach integrating data with the carapace outline and surface details of the ubiquitous Neotropical cytheroidean ostracod species Cytheridella ilosvayi, as well as several climatic and hydrochemical variables, in order to investigate a potential link between morphology and environmental conditions. A recent study previously demonstrated considerable biogeographical variation in valve morphology among Floridian, Mexican and Brazilian populations of this species. We hypothesize that the climatic differences between the regions it inhabits and associated differences in hydrochemical regimes have influenced valve morphology and eventually led to biogeographically distinctive groups. Generalized least-squares Procrustes analyses based on outline and structural features were applied to the left and right valves of adult females and males. The analyses identified relative carapace length and shape symmetry as most important morphological characteristics representing shape differences across all datasets. Two-block partial least-squares analyses and multiple regressions indicate strong relationships between morphological and environmental variables, specifically with temperature seasonality, annual precipitation and chloride and sulfate concentrations. We suggest that increased temperature seasonality slowed down growth rates during colder months, potentially triggering the development of shortened valves with well-developed brood pouches. Differences in chloride and sulfate concentrations, related to fluctuations in precipitation, are considered to affect valve development via controlling osmoregulation and carapace calcification. The factors identified by our analyses represent hitherto unknown drivers for ostracod ecophenotypy in other species and therefore suggest that environmental predictors for morphological variability are not consistent across non-marine ostracods.

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