Polymer materials for electro-optic and optoelectronic applications: maximizing device performances by creating desirable intermolecular electrostatic interactions

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Zhang ◽  
Sam-Shajing Sun ◽  
Carl E. Bonner ◽  
Songku Kim ◽  
Harold R. Fetterman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
Optoelectronic Applications

Realization of Polymeric Electro-Optic Modulators with Less Than One Volt Drive Voltage Requirement

1999 ◽  
Vol 598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Zhang ◽  
Michael Lee ◽  
Adam Winklemann ◽  
Heidi Northcroft ◽  
Christopher Lindsey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transitions ◽  
Field Strength ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Theoretical Calculations ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Poling Field ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
Synthetic Approaches ◽  
Theoretical Results

ABSTRACTThe roles played by spatially anisotropic intermolecular electrostatic interactions, chromophore shape, host dielectric constant, and poling field strength in defining maximum achievable electro-optic activity for electrically poled chromophore/polymer materials are investigated by equilibrium and Monte-Carlo quantum statistical mechanical calculations. Even simple Hamiltonians reproduce critical qualitative features such as the existence of a maximum in plots of electro-optic activity versus chromophore number density in a polymer matrix. Comparison of theoretical results for various methods provides a useful check on the validity of approximations employed with individual methods. The most significant conclusion to derive from a comparison of experimental and theoretical results is the dependence of maximum achievable electro-optic activity upon chromophore shape. Theoretical calculations suggest a new paradigm for the design of optimum electro-optic chromophores; realization of the desired shapes may be facilitated by dendritic synthetic approaches. In the presence of intermolecular electrostatic interactions, the dependence of electro-optic activity upon material dielectric permittivity and electric poling field strength is more complex than in the absence of such interactions. Of particularly, interest are conditions that lead to second order phase transitions to lattices containing centrically (antiferroelectricallly) ordered chromophore domains. Such phase transitions can lead to further complications in the attempted preparation of device quality materials but can be effectively avoided by utilization of theoretically derived phase diagrams.

Electro-optic polymer materials and devices: fundamental limits

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Lytel ◽  
George F. Lipscomb ◽  
Anthony J. Ticknor
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Fundamental Limits ◽  
Electro Optic

Macroscopic Order and Electro-Optic Response of Dipolar Chromophore-Polymer Materials

ChemPhysChem ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 1821-1830 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuriy V. Pereverzev ◽  
Oleg V. Prezhdo ◽  
Larry R. Dalton
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Electro Optic

Rational Design of Organic Electro-Optic Materials

2001 ◽  
Vol 708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Jen ◽  
Robert Neilsen ◽  
Bruce Robinson ◽  
William H. Steier ◽  
Larry Dalton
Keyword(s):  
Wavelength Division Multiplexing ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Optical Loss ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
Lattice Hardening

ABSTRACTA number of material properties must be optimized before organic electro-optic materials can be used for practical device applications. These include electro-optic activity, optical transparency, and stability including both thermal and photochemical stability. Exploiting an improved understanding of the structure/function relationships, we have recently prepared materials exhibiting electro-optic coefficients of greater than 50 pm/V and optical loss values of less than 0.7 dB/cm at the telecommunication wavelengths of 1.3 and 1.55 microns. When oxygen is excluded to a reasonable extent, long-term photostability to optical power levels of 20 mW has been observed. Photostability is further improved by addition of scavengers and by lattice hardening. Long-term (greater than 1000 hours) thermal stability of poling-induced electro-optic activity is also observed at elevated temperatures (greater than 80°C) when appropriate lattice hardening is used. The successful improvement of organic electro-optic materials rests upon (1) attention to the design of chromophore structure including design to inhibit unwanted intermolecular electrostatic interactions and to improve chromophore instability and (2) attention to processing conditions including those involved in spin casting, electric field poling, and lattice hardening. A particularly attractive new direction has been the exploitation of dendrimer structures and particularly of multi-chromophore containing dendrimer structures. This approach has permitted the simultaneous improvement of all material properties. Development of new materials has facilitated the fabrication of a number of prototype devices and most recently has permitted investigation of the incorporation of electro-optic materials into photonic bandgap and microresonator structures. The latter are relevant to active wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). Significant quality factors (greater than 10,000) have been realized for such devices permitting wavelength discrimination at telecommunication wavelengths of 0.01 nm.

Multi-Functional Device Applications of Nonlinear Optical Polymer Materials.

1989 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Lytel ◽  
G.F. Lipscomb
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Optical ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Optical Polymer ◽  
Field Operation ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Device Applications ◽  
Nonlinear Optical Polymer ◽  
Practical Field

AbstractRecent developments in the application of electro-optic polymer materials to perform multi-functional roles in integrated optic device applications are summarized and future requirements for practical field operation are discussed.

Synthesis of Dendridic NLO Chromophores for the Improvement of Order in Electro-optics

2004 ◽  
Vol 846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Sinness ◽  
Olivier Clot ◽  
Scott R. Hammond ◽  
Nishant Bhatambrekar ◽  
Harrison L. Rommel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Dipole Moments ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Quantum Calculations ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Macroscopic Domain ◽  
Nlo Chromophores

ABSTRACTPrevious research in organic electro-optics has shown dramatic increases in the hyperpolarizablity of NLO chromophores. However, this large microscopic activity has not been translated to the macroscopic domain. The polymeric electro-optic (E-O) materials continue to lack the high noncentrosymmetric order of the poled chromophores within the matrix necessary for high E-O response (r33). This deficiency of order represents one major obstacle that must be overcome before E-O device commercialization can be achieved. This lack of order is partially due to the large dipole moments of high μβ chromophores, which cause the chromophores to align in a centrosymmetric fashion through intermolecular electrostatic interactions. However, quantum calculations show that when the aspect ratio between the width and length of the chromophore system is adjusted to be greater than 1.4:1 by adding bulky side groups around the center of the chromophore, it would prevent side on pairing of the chromophores. This would cause a decrease in the large areas of centrosymmetric aggregation and thus allow for easier poling of the system. Here we report the synthesis of a nanoscale NLO architecture in which dendritic moieties have been incorporated around the center of the chromophore to give a three dimensional structure in order to achieve the 1.4:1 aspect ratio and maximize the macroscopic order of the system.

scholarly journals Adjacent cationic–aromatic sequences yield strong electrostatic adhesion of hydrogels in seawater

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailong Fan ◽  
Jiahui Wang ◽  
Zhen Tao ◽  
Junchao Huang ◽  
Ping Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Electrostatic Interaction ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
High Ionic Strength ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Specific Sequence ◽  
Charged Surfaces ◽  
Π Complex

Abstract Electrostatic interaction is strong but usually diminishes in high ionic-strength environments. Biosystems can use this interaction through adjacent cationic–aromatic amino acids sequence of proteins even in a saline medium. Application of such specific sequence to the development of cationic polymer materials adhesive to negatively charged surfaces in saline environments is challenging due to the difficulty in controlling the copolymer sequences. Here, we discover that copolymers with adjacent cation–aromatic sequences can be synthesized through cation–π complex-aided free-radical polymerization. Sequence controlled hydrogels from diverse cation/aromatic monomers exhibit fast, strong but reversible adhesion to negatively charged surfaces in seawater. Aromatics on copolymers are found to enhance the electrostatic interactions of their adjacent cationic residues to the counter surfaces, even in a high ionic-strength medium that screens the electrostatic interaction for common polyelectrolytes. This work opens a pathway to develop adhesives using saline water.

Third-order nonlinearity contribution to electro-optic activity in polymer materials in a constant bias field

2006 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 041115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nishant Prakash Bhatambrekar ◽  
Larry Dalton ◽  
Jingdong Luo ◽  
Alex K.-Y. Jen ◽  
Antao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Bias Field ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Constant Bias ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
Third Order Nonlinearity

scholarly journals Molecular Chromophore-DNA Architectures With Fullerenes: Optical Properties and Solar Cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Müller ◽  
Felix Manger ◽  
Lorenz Graf von Reventlow ◽  
Alexander Colsmann ◽  
Hans-Achim Wagenknecht
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Quantum Efficiency ◽  
Organic Solar Cells ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Directed Assembly ◽  
Cd Spectroscopy ◽  
Structural Element ◽  
Optoelectronic Applications ◽  
Dna Template

Supramolecular chemistry allows the construction of complex molecular architectures and the design of collective photophysical properties. DNA is an attractive template to build such supramolecular architectures due to its helical structure, the defined distances between the bases and the canonical base pairing that results in precise control of the chromophore position. The tailored properties of DNA-templated supramolecules eventually allow their implementation into optoelectronic applications. For the generation of free charge carriers from photo-generated excitons, fullerenes can be utilized. We synthesized two fullerene derivates, one of which binds by electrostatic interactions to single-stranded DNA, while the other contains two 2′-deoxyuridine moieties and assembles specifically along oligo-2′-deoxyadenosines (dA20) as DNA template. The DNA-directed assembly of both fullerenes in aqueous solution was investigated by UV/Vis absorbance and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The specific interactions with DNA make fullerenes with the 2′-deoxyuridine moieties a significantly better component for supramolecular DNA architectures. We studied the fluorescence quenching of both fullerenes with a DNA chromophore assembly. To investigate one of the key properties for optoelectronic applications, that is the supramolecular structure of the DNA-based assemblies in the solid phase, we characterized the CD of supramolecular chromophore-DNA architectures in thin films. Remarkably, the helical chirality of the chromophore assemblies that is induced by the DNA template is conserved even in the solid state. Upon implementation into organic solar cells, the external quantum efficiency measurements showed charge carrier generation on all three chromophore components of the DNA assemblies. The fullerenes with the 2′-deoxyuridine moieties enhance the quantum efficiency of the conversion process significantly, demonstrating the potential of DNA as structural element for ordering chromophores into functional π-systems, which may be employed in future organic solar cells.

Measurement of the electro-optic coefficient dispersion in poled polymer materials

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongqiang Shi ◽  
James H. Bechtel ◽  
Srinath Kalluri ◽  
William H. Steier ◽  
Chengzeng Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Poled Polymer ◽  
Electro Optic
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