Calibration of Sun radiometric integrated water vapor measurement using GPS meteorology

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amadou I. Bokoye ◽  
Alain Royer ◽  
Richard Santer
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Gps Meteorology

scholarly journals Calibration of Sun Radiometer–Based Atmospheric Water Vapor Retrievals Using GPS Meteorology

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 964-979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amadou Idrissa Bokoye ◽  
Alain Royer ◽  
Patrick Cliche ◽  
Norm O’Neill
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Signal Amplitude ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Geodetic Survey ◽  
Gps Receiver ◽  
Solar Absorption ◽  
Central Wavelength ◽  
Gps Meteorology ◽  
Absorption Channel ◽  
Calibration Tool

A study of the validation and calibration process for integrated water vapor (IWV) measurements derived from sun radiometry at the 940-nm solar absorption channel employed in the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) Aerosol Canada (AEROCAN) is presented. The sun radiometer data are compared with GPS meteorology records used as a reference. Three Canadian sites from different climatic regimes covering the period 2000–04 are considered. The observations from five different sun radiometers (IWV-SUN) were processed using the initial AERONET IWV retrieval procedure (V1) whereas GPS-derived IWV (IWV-GPS) was retrieved using “GPSpace” software developed by the Geodetic Survey division of Natural Resources Canada. A sensitivity study is carried out to highlight the influence of both central wavelength and signal amplitude on the 940-nm filter characteristics, which are instrument dependent and can drift due to aging. The comparison between IWV-SUN (V1) and IWV-GPS shows an average rmse of 0.23 ± 0.11 g cm−2 (22%) and a mean bias of −0.09 ± 0.16 g cm−2 (9%). Furthermore, it is shown that the use of GPS for determining the 940-nm channel calibration constants for the solar radiometers improves IWV retrievals (rmse reduced by about 35% and bias by a factor of 3–10) without any knowledge of the 940-nm filter characteristics. These results are discussed within the context of the new AERONET IWV processing procedure (V2), which accounts for solar 940-nm region filter characteristics. The GPS receiver technique appears to be a powerful calibration tool because of its continuous observation capability, its robustness, and its operational simplicity.

GPS meteorology: Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor using the global positioning system

1992 ◽  
Vol 97 (D14) ◽  
pp. 15787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Bevis ◽  
Steven Businger ◽  
Thomas A. Herring ◽  
Christian Rocken ◽  
Richard A. Anthes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Atmospheric Water Vapor ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Atmospheric Water ◽  
Gps Meteorology ◽  
Global Positioning

New Design for a Differentially Pumped Hydration Chamber for a Siemens IA

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 44-45
Author(s):  
R. C. Moretz ◽  
G. G. Hausner ◽  
D. F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Water Vapor Pressure ◽  
Biological Materials ◽  
Thin Membrane ◽  
Reliable System ◽  
System A ◽  
Water Films ◽  
Aperture Opening

Electron microscopy and diffraction of biological materials in the hydrated state requires the construction of a chamber in which the water vapor pressure can be maintained at saturation for a given specimen temperature, while minimally affecting the normal vacuum of the remainder of the microscope column. Initial studies with chambers closed by thin membrane windows showed that at the film thicknesses required for electron diffraction at 100 KV the window failure rate was too high to give a reliable system. A single stage, differentially pumped specimen hydration chamber was constructed, consisting of two apertures (70-100μ), which eliminated the necessity of thin membrane windows. This system was used to obtain electron diffraction and electron microscopy of water droplets and thin water films. However, a period of dehydration occurred during initial pumping of the microscope column. Although rehydration occurred within five minutes, biological materials were irreversibly damaged. Another limitation of this system was that the specimen grid was clamped between the apertures, thus limiting the yield of view to the aperture opening.

Hydration Chamber for Jeolco 200 Kv Microscope

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 542-543
Author(s):  
V. R. Matricardi ◽  
G. G. Hausner ◽  
D. F. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Pressure Gradient ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Equilibrium Vapor Pressure

In order to observe room temperature hydrated specimens in an electron microscope, the following conditions should be satisfied: The specimen should be surrounded by water vapor as close as possible to the equilibrium vapor pressure corresponding to the temperature of the specimen.The specimen grid should be inserted, focused and photo graphed in the shortest possible time in order to minimize dehydration.The full area of the specimen grid should be visible in order to minimize the number of changes of specimen required.There should be no pressure gradient across the grid so that specimens can be straddled across holes.Leakage of water vapor to the column should be minimized.

Warm and freeze-fracture of cotton seed radicles

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 984-985
Author(s):  
E. L. Vigil ◽  
E. F. Erbe
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Fracture Surface ◽  
Membrane Structure ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Fracture Plane ◽  
Cotton Seeds ◽  
Condensed Water

In cotton seeds the radicle has 12% moisture content which makes it possible to prepare freeze-fracture replicas without fixation or cryoprotection. For this study we have examined replicas of unfixed radicle tissue fractured at room temperature to obtain data on organelle and membrane structure.Excised radicles from seeds of cotton (Gossyplum hirsutum L. M-8) were fractured at room temperature along the longitudinal axis. The fracture was initiated by spliting the basal end of the excised radicle with a razor. This procedure produced a fracture through the tissue along an unknown fracture plane. The warm fractured radicle halves were placed on a thin film of 100% glycerol on a flat brass cap with fracture surface up. The cap was rapidly plunged into liquid nitrogen and transferred to a freeze- etch unit. The sample was etched for 3 min at -95°C to remove any condensed water vapor and then cooled to -150°C for platinum/carbon evaporation.

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