Energy flux method for inspection of contact and VIA layer reticles

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector I. Garcia ◽  
William W. Volk ◽  
Yalin Xiong ◽  
Sterling G. Watson ◽  
Zongchang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Flux ◽  
Flux Method

New energy flux method for inspection of contact layer reticles

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Volk ◽  
Hector I. Garcia ◽  
Charika Becker ◽  
George Chen ◽  
Sterling G. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Energy Flux ◽  
Contact Layer ◽  
Flux Method ◽  
New Energy

scholarly journals Two methods for estimating limits to large-scale wind power generation

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (36) ◽  
pp. 11169-11174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee M. Miller ◽  
Nathaniel A. Brunsell ◽  
David B. Mechem ◽  
Fabian Gans ◽  
Andrew J. Monaghan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Wind Power Generation ◽  
Flux Method ◽  
Free Atmosphere

Wind turbines remove kinetic energy from the atmospheric flow, which reduces wind speeds and limits generation rates of large wind farms. These interactions can be approximated using a vertical kinetic energy (VKE) flux method, which predicts that the maximum power generation potential is 26% of the instantaneous downward transport of kinetic energy using the preturbine climatology. We compare the energy flux method to the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional atmospheric model equipped with a wind turbine parameterization over a 105 km2 region in the central United States. The WRF simulations yield a maximum generation of 1.1 We⋅m−2, whereas the VKE method predicts the time series while underestimating the maximum generation rate by about 50%. Because VKE derives the generation limit from the preturbine climatology, potential changes in the vertical kinetic energy flux from the free atmosphere are not considered. Such changes are important at night when WRF estimates are about twice the VKE value because wind turbines interact with the decoupled nocturnal low-level jet in this region. Daytime estimates agree better to 20% because the wind turbines induce comparatively small changes to the downward kinetic energy flux. This combination of downward transport limits and wind speed reductions explains why large-scale wind power generation in windy regions is limited to about 1 We⋅m−2, with VKE capturing this combination in a comparatively simple way.

Integrating the energy flux method of shallow‐water reverberation with physics‐based seabed scattering models.

2011 ◽  
Vol 129 (4) ◽  
pp. 2631-2631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji‐Xun Zhou ◽  
Xue‐Zhen Zhang ◽  
Lin Wan ◽  
Zhaohui Peng ◽  
Zhenglin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Flux Method

Energy Flux Method for Die-to-Database Inspection of Critical Layer Reticles

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector I. Garcia ◽  
William W. Volk ◽  
Yalin Xiong ◽  
Sterling G. Watson ◽  
Zongchang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Flux ◽  
Critical Layer ◽  
Flux Method

Dopant occupancy and exposure energy of Zn(1 mol.%, 3 mol.%, 5 mol.%, 7 mol.%):Yb:Nd:LiNbO3 crystals

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (02) ◽  
pp. 2050032
Author(s):  
Li Dai ◽  
Xianbo Han ◽  
Chao Tan ◽  
Yu Shao ◽  
Yuning Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Flux ◽  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Infrared Absorption ◽  
Czochralski Method ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Absorption Peak ◽  
Flux Method ◽  
Exposure Energy

A series of Zn:Yb:Nd:LiNbO3 crystals with various concentrations of Zn[Formula: see text](1 mol.%, 3 mol.%, 5 mol.% and 7 mol.%) were grown by Czochralski method. The dopant occupancy and light-induced scattering ability of Zn:Yb:Nd:LiNbO3 crystals were measured and discussed by infrared spectra and exposure energy flux method. The results show that the infrared absorption peak of the Zn(7 mol.%):Yb:Nd:LiNbO3 crystal is blueshift and [Formula: see text] ion reaches threshold concentration. The light-induced scattering of Zn(7 mol.%):Yb:Nd:LiNbO3 crystals is increased by two-orders of magnitude compared to Zn(1 mol.%):Yb:Nd:LiNbO3 crystals.

National primary standard of air kerma, air kerma rate, exposure, exposure rate and energy flux for X-rays and gamma radiation GET 8-2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Alexandr V. Oborin ◽  
Anna Y. Villevalde ◽  
Sergey G. Trofimchuk
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Radiation ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Primary Standard ◽  
Average Energy ◽  
Ion Pair ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Exposure Rate ◽  
Ionization Chambers ◽  
Air Kerma ◽  
Air Kerma Rate

The results of development of the national primary standard of air kerma, air kerma rate, exposure, exposure rate and energy flux for X-rays and gamma radiation GET 8-2011 in 2019 are presented according to the recommendations of the ICRU Report No. 90 “Key Data for Ionizing-Radiation Dosimetry: Measurement Standards and Applications”. The following changes are made to the equations for the units determination with the standard: in the field of X-rays, new correction coefficients of the free-air ionization chambers are introduced and the relative standard uncertainty of the average energy to create an ion pair in air is changed; in the field of gamma radiation, the product of the average energy to create an ion pair in air and the electron stopping-power graphite to air ratio for the cavity ionization chambers is changed. More accurate values of the units reproduced by GET 8-2019 are obtained and new metrological characteristics of the standard are stated.

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