Influence of hydrogen-ion concentration on refractive index value in red blood cells of diabetes patients

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunta Mazarevica ◽  
Talivaldis Freivalds ◽  
Antra Jurka
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Diabetes Patients

scholarly journals THE EQUILIBRIUM BETWEEN HEMOLYTIC SENSITIZER AND RED BLOOD CELLS IN RELATION TO THE HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION

1921 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 513-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin B. Coulter
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Isoelectric Point ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Alkaline Side ◽  
Basic Dissociation

1. In a salt-free medium the proportion of the total amount of hemolytic sensitizer present, combined with the homologous cells, reaches a maximum of almost 100 per cent at pH 5.3. On the alkaline side of this point the proportion combined diminishes with the alkalinity and reaches a minimum of approximately 5 per cent at pH 10. On the acid side of pH 5.3 the proportion combined diminishes with the acidity but somewhat less rapidly than for a corresponding increase in alkalinity. 2. The presence of NaCl greatly increases the proportion of sensitizer combined with cells at all reactions except those in the neighborhood of pH 5.3. At this point the combination of sensitizer with cells is independent of the presence of electrolyte. 3. The curves representing the proportion of sensitizer combined or free run almost exactly parallel, both when the sensitizer combines de novo and when it dissociates from combination; therefore, in constant volume, at a given hydrogen ion concentration, and at a given temperature, an equilibrium exists between the amount of sensitizer free and that combined with cells. 4. The combination of sensitizer and cells is related fundamentally to the isoelectric point of the sensitizer. 5. The dissociated ions of the sensitizer, formed either by its acid or its basic dissociation, do not unite with cells. Combination takes place only between the cells and the undissociated molecules of the sensitizer.

scholarly journals THE ISOELECTRIC POINT OF RED BLOOD CELLS AND ITS RELATION TO AGGLUTINATION

1921 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Calvin B. Coulter
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Isoelectric Point ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Immune Serum ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Alkaline Side ◽  
Chlorine Ions

1. The movement of normal and sensitized red blood cells in the electric field is a function of the hydrogen ion concentration. The isoelectric point, at which no movement occurs, corresponds with pH 4.6. 2. On the alkaline side of the isoelectric point the charge carried is negative and increases with the alkalinity. On the acid side the charge is positive and increases with the acidity. 3. On the alkaline side at least the charge carried by sensitized cells is smaller and increases less rapidly with the alkalinity than the charge of normal cells. 4. Both normal and sensitized cells combine chemically with inorganic ions, and the isoelectric point is a turning point for this chemical behavior. On the acid side the cells combine with the hydrogen and chlorine ions, and in much larger amount than on the alkaline side; on the alkaline side the cells combine with a cation (Ba), and in larger amount than on the acid side. This behavior corresponds with that found by Loeb for gelatin. 5. The optimum for agglutination of normal cells is at pH 4.75, so that at this point the cells exist most nearly pure, or least combined with anion and cation. 6. The optimum for agglutination of sensitized cells is at pH 5.3. This point is probably connected with the optimum for flocculation of the immune serum body.

scholarly journals A STABLE HEMOLYSIN-LEUCOCIDIN AND ITS CRYSTAL-LINE DERIVATIVE ISOLATED FROM BETA HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI

1938 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Czarnetzky ◽  
Isabel M. Morgan ◽  
Stuart Mudd
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Free Acid ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
High Degree

1. A chemically pure hemolysin-leucocidin has been isolated from ß hemolytic streptococci, but not from other species of bacteria studied. 2. It does not give rise to antibodies, but precipitates immune sera against hemolytic streptococci, and is therefore a hapten. 3. A highly purified sample of S. H. up to a dilution of 1:128,000 hemolyzes red blood cells. Its hemolytic activity is not specifically neutralized by antiserum versus ß hemolytic streptococci. It is leucocidic in that it inhibits the reduction of methylene blue by leucocytes. 4. The hemolysin-leucocidin is stable to oxygen, to heat and to moderate changes in hydrogen ion concentration. Its chemical structure has been determined in part. Its molecular weight is 2260. 5. A crystalline derivative has been isolated as the sodium salt from the hemolysin-leucocidin. As the free acid it has a molecular weight of 720. Its hemolytic and leucocidic activity parallels that of S. H., although it is not serologically active. It possesses a high degree of toxicity for mice and rabbits.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document