Detection of Explosive Devices using X-ray Backscatter Radiation

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony A. Faust
Keyword(s):  
X Ray ◽  
Backscatter Radiation ◽  
Explosive Devices

scholarly journals Efficacy of Shields Against the Backscatter Radiation of Portable X-ray Units

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (0) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusei OTAKA ◽  
Yasuo HARATA ◽  
Maki IZAWA ◽  
Atsushi IWAWAKI ◽  
Ruri ASAMI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
X Ray ◽  
Backscatter Radiation

Silicon detector probe for gamma-ray and x-ray backscatter radiation

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenia T. Halmagean ◽  
Cristian C. Lazarovici ◽  
Doina N. Lazarovici ◽  
Valerica Cimpoca ◽  
Marian N. Udrea-Spinea
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Silicon Detector ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Backscatter Radiation

Study of Bomb Technician Threat Identification Performance on Degraded X-ray Images

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack L. Glover ◽  
Praful Gupta ◽  
Nicholas G. Paulter Jr. ◽  
Alan C. Bovik
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Imaging Systems ◽  
National Standard ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Explosive Devices

Portable X-ray imaging systems are routinely used by bomb squads throughout the world to image the contents of suspicious packages and explosive devices. The images are used by bomb technicians to determine whether or not packages contain explosive devices or device components. In events of positive detection, the images are also used to understand device design and to devise countermeasures. The quality of the images is considered to be of primary importance by users and manufacturers of these systems, since it affects the ability of the users to analyze the images and to detect potential threats. As such, there exist national standards that set minimum acceptable image-quality levels for the performance of these imaging systems. An implicit assumption is that better image quality leads to better user identification of components in explosive devices and, therefore, better informed plans to render them safe. However, there is no previously published experimental work investigating this. Toward advancing progress in this direction, the authors developed the new NIST-LIVE X-ray improvised explosive device (IED) image-quality database. The database consists of: a set of pristine X-ray images of IEDs and benign objects; a larger set of distorted images of varying quality of the same objects; ground-truth IED component labels for all images; and human task-performance results locating and identifying the IED components. More than 40 trained U.S. bomb technicians were recruited to generate the human task-performance data. They use the database to show that identification probabilities for IED components are strongly correlated with image quality. They also show how the results relate to the image-quality metrics described in the current U.S. national standard for these systems, and how their results can be used to inform the development of baseline performance requirements. They expect these results to directly affect future revisions of the standard.

scholarly journals CONDUCTING DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES OF INDUSTRIAL AMMUNITION AND INDUSTRIAL EXPLOSIVE DEVICES USING NON-DESTRUCTIVE RESEARCH METHODS

2021 ◽  
pp. 919-932
Author(s):  
S. Lutsenko ◽  
O. Vysikan ◽  
H. Kapustiuk ◽  
V. Draliuk
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Digital Radiography ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Improvised Explosive Devices ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Diagnostic Studies ◽  
Improvised Explosive ◽  
Explosive Devices ◽  
Non Destructive

The article deals with the possibilities of digital radiography when conducting diagnostic studies of industrial ammunition and improvised explosive devices during forensic explosive examinations. It is indicated that when conducting diagnostic studies of industrial-made ammunition and improvised explosive devices, there is a possibility of an abnormal operation (explosion) of the ammunition (a high level of danger to the life and health of experts). Therefore, in order to solve diagnostic problems in forensic explosive technical examinations, modern research methods are used, one of which is the non-destructive method. It is indicated that of the available non-destructive methods, the methods of X-ray and gamma-ray transmission have the greatest clarity and objectivity. It can be concluded that the most widespread method for diagnostic studies of industrial ammunition and improvised explosive devices is the method of X-ray transmission from the listed capabilities and characteristics of these methods. The X-ray examination is a non-destructive method of diagnosing research objects using digital radiography. There are listed main tasks of X-ray studies of explosive devices. Further, in the article are presented the possibilities and results of X-ray studies of industrial-made ammunition carried out by experts from the Kyiv Scientific Research Institute of Forensic Expertise of the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine using an X-ray television introscope Go-Scan, manufactured by Teledyne ICM (Belgium). From the results of the analysis of the capabilities of digital radiography during diagnostic studies of industrial-made ammunition and improvised explosive devices, it is concluded that digital radiography makes it possible to determine the internal design of explosive devices without dismantling its, its condition, a possible principle of activation, obtain objective quantitative data, document the obtained in the course of research data, and the addition of additional channels of information makes it possible to significantly expand the amount of information received, to make it more visual, accessible for comparative research, to obtain parametric indicators, which, in turn, improves the quality of diagnostic studies of explosive devices. In addition, a serious advantage of the X-ray method is the ability to conduct research at the location of ammunition and improvised explosive devices or in laboratory conditions without dismantling its, which allows to preserve the research object for its further or re-examination, as well as providing it in the future in the courtroom as physical evidence.

scholarly journals Possibilities of Application of Methods of X-Ray Phase and X-Ray Diffraction Analysis in the Forensic Science

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Konstantin Smirnov ◽  
◽  
Vladimir Akatyev ◽  
Yulia Amelchenko ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Wave Impact ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Investigation Methods ◽  
Analysis Application ◽  
Explosive Devices

The paper reflects various aspects of the use of X-ray investigation methods, their advantages and application in forensic science of the phase composition of metals, paint and varnish coatings and paintwork materials, fragments of explosive devices. Practical examples of X-ray diffraction analysis application for thin film specimens made on the basis of paints containing alkyd varnish, pigments, fillers and solvents of various colour range have been examined. Influence of true physical broadening, on lines of diffractograms taken for samples exposed to shock wave action was also studied. It was found that this broadening is directly connected with influence of microstrains and fine dispersion of mosaic structure blocks. Based on the obtained X-ray diffraction analysis data, the dislocation density was calculated by three methods. Based on summarized experimental and literature data, the dependence of microstrains on the explosive weight was plotted, which can be used as a reference standard for comparison in expert studies of samples exposed to shock-wave impact.

Space and Time Distribution of Hard X-Ray Emission in a Loop at the Beginning of a Flare

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 275-277
Author(s):  
M. Karlický ◽  
J. C. Hénoux
Keyword(s):  
Time Distribution ◽  
Electron Bombardment ◽  
Spatial Evolution ◽  
Superthermal Electrons ◽  
Flare Loop ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Superthermal Electron ◽  
Flare Loops ◽  
Chromospheric Evaporation ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

AbstractUsing a new ID hybrid model of the electron bombardment in flare loops, we study not only the evolution of densities, plasma velocities and temperatures in the loop, but also the temporal and spatial evolution of hard X-ray emission. In the present paper a continuous bombardment by electrons isotropically accelerated at the top of flare loop with a power-law injection distribution function is considered. The computations include the effects of the return-current that reduces significantly the depth of the chromospheric layer which is evaporated. The present modelling is made with superthermal electron parameters corresponding to the classical resistivity regime for an input energy flux of superthermal electrons of 109erg cm−2s−1. It was found that due to the electron bombardment the two chromospheric evaporation waves are generated at both feet of the loop and they propagate up to the top, where they collide and cause temporary density and hard X-ray enhancements.

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